Femtocells: Technologies and Deployment

FEMTOCELLS......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 15
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 23
Acronyms......Page 25
1.1 The Indoor Coverage Challenge......Page 33
1.2.2 A Brief History......Page 34
1.2.4 FAP Technologies......Page 35
1.3 Why is Femtocell Important?......Page 36
1.4 Deployment of Femtocells......Page 38
1.4.1 Operator's Perspective......Page 39
1.5.1 Access Control......Page 40
1.5.2 Standardization......Page 41
1.5.3 Business Models......Page 42
1.5.4 Applications......Page 43
1.6 The Structure of the Book......Page 44
References......Page 45
2.2 Outdoor Cells......Page 47
2.2.1 In Rural Areas......Page 48
2.2.2 In Urban Areas......Page 49
2.3.1 Indoor Passive Repeaters......Page 50
2.3.3 Development of In-Building Repeaters......Page 51
2.4.1 Passive Distributed Antenna Systems......Page 53
2.4.2 Drawback of Passive Systems......Page 56
2.4.3 Active Distributed Antenna Systems......Page 57
2.4.4 Choice between Passive and Basic Systems......Page 58
2.5.1 Principle of Operation......Page 59
2.5.2 Deployment......Page 60
2.6.1 Picocells......Page 62
2.6.2 Femtocells......Page 65
2.6.3 Differences between Picocells and Femtocells......Page 67
2.7 Comparison of Indoor Coverage Techniques......Page 68
References......Page 69
3.1 Overview......Page 71
3.1.1 Legacy Iub over IP......Page 72
3.1.2 Concentrator......Page 73
3.1.3 Generic Access Network (GAN)-Based RAN Gateway......Page 74
3.1.4 IMS and SIP......Page 75
3.2.1 GAN Variant of Iu-Based Home NodeB Architecture......Page 76
3.2.2 Component Description......Page 78
3.2.3 Functional Split between HNB and NHB-GW......Page 82
3.2.4 Internal and External Interfaces (Standard Conformance)......Page 83
3.2.5 Protocol Architecture......Page 85
3.2.7 Advantages of GAN HNB Architecture......Page 89
3.3.1 Iub and Iuh for HNB......Page 90
3.3.2 Iu-h for HNB......Page 92
3.4 Evolution to IMS/HSPA+/LTE......Page 93
3.5.2 Alternative Architectures......Page 96
References......Page 98
4.1 Introduction......Page 101
4.2.1 The Network......Page 102
4.2.2 The Air Interface......Page 105
4.3 3G Femtocells: UMTS and HSPA......Page 110
4.3.1 CDMA Fundamentals......Page 111
4.3.2 The Network......Page 113
4.3.3 The Air Interface......Page 115
4.3.4 HSPA Femtocells......Page 120
4.4 OFDM-Based Femtocells......Page 122
4.4.1 OFDM Fundamentals......Page 123
4.4.2 WiMAX......Page 127
4.4.3 LTE......Page 131
References......Page 134
5 System-Level Simulation for Femtocell Scenarios......Page 137
5.1 Network Simulation......Page 138
5.2 Link and System Level Simulations......Page 139
5.3.1 Physical Effects......Page 142
5.3.2 Propagation Models......Page 143
5.3.3 Choice of a Model......Page 145
5.3.4 Important Factors......Page 146
5.3.5 Simulation of the Fading Effects......Page 147
5.4 Static and Dynamic System-Level Simulations......Page 148
5.5.1 Network Characterization......Page 149
5.5.2 Static SLS Methodology......Page 153
5.6.1 Scenario Description......Page 162
5.6.2 Coverage......Page 163
5.6.3 Signal Quality......Page 165
5.6.4 Performance......Page 166
5.7 Overview of Dynamic System-Level Simulation......Page 170
5.7.1 Traffic Modelling......Page 172
5.7.2 Mobility Modelling......Page 173
References......Page 174
6.1 Introduction......Page 177
6.2.1 Co-Layer Interference......Page 178
6.2.2 Cross-Layer Interference......Page 186
6.2.3 The Near–Far Problem......Page 194
6.3.1 Uplink Techniques......Page 197
6.3.2 Downlink Techniques......Page 201
6.4.1 CDMA......Page 202
6.4.2 OFDMA......Page 204
6.5 Interference Management with UMTS......Page 206
6.5.1 Co-Channel Interference......Page 207
6.5.2 Adjacent Channel Interference......Page 208
References......Page 209
7.1 Introduction......Page 211
7.2 Mobility Management for Femtocells in 3GPP......Page 212
7.3.1 Distinguish Femtocell from Macrocell......Page 216
7.3.2 Find Neighbouring Femtocells......Page 221
7.3.3 Distinguish Accessible Femtocell......Page 222
7.3.4 Handle Allowed List......Page 224
7.4.1 Access Control Triggers......Page 227
7.4.2 Access Control Location......Page 228
7.4.3 Access Control for Different Access Types......Page 230
7.5 Paging Procedure......Page 231
7.5.1 Paging Optimization in MME/SGSN......Page 232
7.6 Cell Selection and Reselection......Page 233
7.6.1 Cell Selection in Pre-release 8......Page 236
7.6.2 Cell Reselection in Pre-release 8......Page 238
7.6.3 Cell Selection in Release 8......Page 241
7.6.4 Cell Reselection in Release 8......Page 243
7.7 Cell Handover......Page 246
7.7.1 Cell Handover in Pre-release 8......Page 247
7.7.2 Cell Handover in Release 8......Page 249
References......Page 254
8 Self-Organization......Page 257
8.1.1 Context......Page 258
8.1.2 Definition......Page 260
8.2 Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization and Self-Healing......Page 261
8.3.1 Context......Page 263
8.4 Start-Up Procedure in Femtocells......Page 264
8.5.1 Network Listening Mode......Page 266
8.5.3 Measurement Reports......Page 267
8.5.4 Cognitive Radio......Page 269
8.6.1 Physical Cell Identity (PCI)......Page 271
8.6.2 Neighbouring List......Page 273
8.6.3 Spectrum Allocation......Page 276
8.6.4 Power Selection......Page 277
8.6.5 Frequency Allocation......Page 280
8.6.6 Antenna Pattern Shaping......Page 285
References......Page 289
9.1 Timing......Page 293
9.1.2 Oscillators for Femtocells......Page 294
9.1.3 Timing Synchronization......Page 296
9.1.4 Choosing a Solution......Page 301
9.2.1 Possible Risks......Page 302
9.2.2 IPsec......Page 303
9.2.3 Extensible Authentication Protocol......Page 304
9.2.4 Femtocell Secure Authentication......Page 305
9.2.5 Protection of the Wireless Link......Page 306
9.3.1 Need for the FAP Location......Page 307
9.3.2 Solutions......Page 308
9.4 Access Methods......Page 309
9.4.1 Closed Access......Page 311
9.4.2 Open Access......Page 313
9.4.3 Hybrid Access......Page 316
9.5.1 Evolution of Consumer Interest in Femtocells......Page 319
9.5.2 Development of New Applications......Page 320
9.6.1 Radio Waves and Health......Page 321
References......Page 322
Index......Page 325