Federal Regulation and Chemical Innovation

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 7
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS......Page 11
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1 Chemicals as a Regulated Industry: Implications for Research and Product Development......Page 14
The New Regulatory Environment......Page 17
Impact on the Strategic Decisionmaking Environment of the Firm......Page 21
The Impact of the \"New Regulation\" on Innovation: Some Tentative Hypotheses......Page 24
Conclusion......Page 30
Literature Cited......Page 31
2 A Reasoned Approach to Government Regulation: How Can We Separate the Good from the Bad?......Page 33
Inherent Dilemmas of Regulation......Page 34
Coping With The Dilemmas......Page 36
Alternative Methods For Enforcement......Page 37
Conclusion......Page 38
3 What Do We Really Know About the Impact of Regulation on Innovation?......Page 40
Types of Studies......Page 41
Is Regulation A Spur To Innovation?......Page 43
Types of Regulation Affecting Innovation......Page 45
Pre-Market Registration......Page 48
Summary and Suggested Studies......Page 50
Abstract......Page 51
Selected Bibliographies......Page 52
Literature Cited......Page 54
4 The Effects of Health and Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chemical Industry: Theory and Evidence......Page 56
A Conceptual Model of Regulation-Induced Technological Responses......Page 59
Description of Empirical Procedures......Page 66
Summary of Major Findings and Conclusions......Page 68
Implications for Regulatory Policy......Page 75
Acknowledgment......Page 76
Literature Cited......Page 77
Objectives of the Study......Page 78
Methodology......Page 79
Findings And Conclusions......Page 80
Benefits......Page 82
Other Factors......Page 83
Methodology Problems......Page 84
Literature Cited......Page 87
Legislation Affecting Emission Control......Page 88
Controls For Particulates......Page 91
Case Studies On Flue Gas Conditioning......Page 95
Marketing Aspects of Chemical Flue Gas Conditioning......Page 102
Economics Of Chemical Flue Gas Conditioning......Page 107
Summary......Page 110
LITERATURE CITED......Page 111
7 A Framework for Examination of the Impacts of Government Regulation and Input Prices on Process Innovation......Page 113
Determinants of Innovation......Page 114
A Production Model for Chemical Processes......Page 115
Implications of the Production Model for Process Innovation......Page 120
Issues in the Empirical Study of Innovation......Page 123
Application to Ammonia Production......Page 124
Conclusions......Page 125
Literature Cited......Page 126
8 Economic Trends, Resource Scarcity, and Policymaking......Page 127
Modeling Developments and Results......Page 128
Important Messages......Page 134
Literature Cited......Page 136
9 Methodology for Measuring the Effects of Regulation on Pharmaceutical Innovation Regulatory Disposition and National Origin of New Chemical Entities in the United States......Page 137
Pharmaceutical Regulation in the United States......Page 138
Mechanisms of Innovation......Page 141
Measures of Innovation......Page 143
Regulatory Disposition of NCEs in the United States......Page 145
National Origin of NCEs Marketed in the United States (15, 16)......Page 152
Comparative Methods of Measuring Innovation: NCEs Marketed in the United States and Great Britain......Page 157
Literature Cited......Page 158
10 Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Possible Effects of the Proposed Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978......Page 161
Background and Supporting Material......Page 163
Economic Analysis of the DRRA......Page 169
Summary and Conclusions......Page 174
Literature Cited......Page 175
11 Meeting the Challenge of the Toxic Substances Control Act with Technological Innovation......Page 177
I. Growth of Regulations......Page 183
II. Unintended Consequences......Page 184
Ill . Prescription......Page 185
Literature Cited......Page 187
13 Regulation and Innovation: Short-Term Adjustments and Long-Term Impacts......Page 188
Technological Penalties Associated with Environmental and Workplace Controls......Page 189
What Is Technological Innovation?......Page 190
Research and Development Trends in Large Chemical Companies......Page 191
Changes in Corporate Approaches that Affect Technological Decisions......Page 193
The Changing Regulatory Framework Surrounding Technology Choices......Page 194
Modifying the Legislative Base......Page 196
The Carcinogen Issue......Page 197
Literature Cited......Page 199
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