Fatigue in Sport and Exercise

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Section 1 What is Fatigue?
	1 Conceptualising, Measuring, and Researching Fatigue in Sport and Exercise
		Part 1: Conceptualising Fatigue
			1.1 Defining Fatigue
			1.2 Conceptualising Fatigue
				1.2.1 Peripheral Fatigue
				1.2.2 Central Fatigue
				1.2.3 Peripheral and Central Fatigue: Summary
				1.2.4 Fatigue as a Symptom
		Part 2: Measuring Fatigue
			1.3 Direct Methods of Fatigue Measurement
				1.3.1 Maximal Voluntary Force Generation/Electrical Stimulation
				1.3.2 High-Frequency and Low-Frequency Fatigue
			1.4 Indirect Methods of Fatigue Measurement
				1.4.1 Endurance Time (‘Time to Exhaustion’)
				1.4.2 Electromyography
				1.4.3 Muscle Biopsies
				1.4.4 Blood Sampling
				1.4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				1.4.6 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
			1.5 Measuring Fatigue via Self-Report
				1.5.1 Ratings of Perceived Exertion
				1.5.2 Brunel Mood Scale
				1.5.3 Rating of Fatigue Scale
			1.6 Summary
			Test Yourself
Section 2 What Causes (and What does not Cause) Fatigue?
	2 Energy Depletion
		2.1 Energy Metabolism During Sport and Exercise
		2.2 Energy Metabolism and Fatigue During Sport and Exercise
			2.2.1 ATP Depletion
			2.2.2 PCr Depletion
				2.2.2.1 Maximal Sport and Exercise
				2.2.2.2 Intermittent Sport and Exercise
			2.2.3 Glycogen Depletion
				2.2.3.1 Brief Historical Perspective
				2.2.3.2 Potential Carbohydrate-Related Causes of Fatigue During Sport and Exercise
			2.2.4 Free Fatty Acids
		2.3 Summary
		Test Yourself
	3 Metabolic Acidosis
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 The Role of Metabolic Acidosis in Sport and Exercise Fatigue: A Brief History
			3.2.1 How Might Lactic Acid Cause Fatigue?
		3.3 Metabolic Acidosis and Fatigue: the Counter-View
			3.3.1 Lactate: Misconceptions and Benefits
			3.3.2 Is There Any Way that Lactate Can be a Cause of Sport and Exercise Fatigue?
			3.3.3 The Impact of Hydrogen Production on Muscle Function
				3.3.3.1 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release, Calcium Binding to Troponin C, and Myofilament Calcium Sensitivity
				3.3.3.2 Muscle Membrane Excitability
				3.3.3.3 The Rate of Glycolysis
				3.3.3.4 Central Nervous System Drive
			3.3.4 Lactate, Hydrogen, Acidosis, and Fatigue: A Brief Summary
		3.4 Summary
		Test Yourself
	4 Environmental Stress
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Dehydration and Fatigue
			4.2.1 Defining Terms
			4.2.2 The Importance of Water in the Body
			4.2.3 Classical Mechanism of Dehydration-Induced Performance Decrement
			4.2.4 Other Potential Mechanisms of Dehydration-Induced Performance Decrement
		4.3 Dehydration and Sport and Exercise Fatigue: Research Issues
			4.3.1 Marino et al.
			4.3.2 Nolte et al.
			4.3.3 Zouhal et al.
			4.3.4 Dion et al.
			4.3.5 Overall Summary
		4.4 Dehydration and Fluid Intake During Sport and Exercise in the Heat
		4.5 Hyperhydration During Sport and Exercise
		4.6 Hyperthermia
			4.6.1 How Hot is Too Hot?
			4.6.2 Development of Hyperthermia During Sport and Exercise
		4.7 Hyperthermia, Combined Hyperthermia and Hypohydration, and Fatigue: Research Findings
			4.7.1 Peripheral Fatigue Associated with Hyperthermia, and Combined Hyperthermia and Hypohydration
			4.7.2 Central Fatigue Associated with Hyperthermia, and Combined Hyperthermia and Hypohydration
			4.7.3 High Core Temperature or High Skin Temperature?
		4.8 Hypoxia
			4.8.1 Acute Hypoxia: Performance Impact
			4.8.2 Acute Hypoxia: Potential Mechanisms Underlying Performance Impairment
				4.8.2.1 Resting and Exercising Cardiovascular Responses
				4.8.2.2 Submaximal V̇O[sub(2)] and V̇O[sub(2)] Max
				4.8.2.3 Substrate Use
				4.8.2.4 Central Fatigue
				4.8.2.5 Respiratory Considerations
		4.9 Summary
		Test Yourself
	5 Potassium, Calcium, and Inorganic Phosphate
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Potassium: Description and Function
		5.3 Potassium and Sport and Exercise Fatigue
		5.4 Modulation of the Impact of Extracellular K[sup(+)] Accumulation on Sport and Exercise Fatigue
			5.4.1 Motor Unit Recruitment
			5.4.2 The Na[sup(+)], K[sup(+)] Pump
			5.4.3 Chloride Channels
			5.4.4 Metabolic Acidosis
			5.4.5 External Interventions
		5.5 Calcium: Description and Function
		5.6 Calcium and Sport and Exercise Fatigue
			5.6.1 Impaired Ca[sup(2+)] Kinetics Due to Glycogen Depletion and Acidosis
			5.6.2 Inorganic Phosphate
			5.6.3 ATP Depletion and Magnesium Accumulation
		5.7 Summary
		Test Yourself
	6 Central Fatigue, and Central Regulation of Performance
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Central Fatigue
			6.2.1 Potential “Causes” of Central Fatigue
				6.2.1.1 Sensory Feedback from Muscle Afferents
				6.2.1.2 Brain Neurotransmitters
				6.2.1.3 Brain Ammonia Accumulation
				6.2.1.4 Cytokines
				6.2.1.5 Summary
		6.3 Central Regulation of Sport and Exercise Performance
			6.3.1 Origins of the Role of the Brain in Sport and Exercise Regulation
			6.3.2 Reintroduction of the Role of the Brain in Sport and Exercise Regulation
		6.4 Support for the Anticipatory Regulation Model of Sport and Exercise Performance
			6.4.1 Anecdotal Support
			6.4.2 The End-Spurt Phenomenon
			6.4.3 Pacing Strategies
			6.4.4 Deception Studies
				6.4.4.1 The Relationship Between Rate of Rise in RPE and Performance
			6.4.5 Support from Other Research Areas
		6.5 Criticism of the Anticipatory Feedback Model
		6.6 Summary
		Test Yourself
	7 Mental Fatigue
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Defining Mental Fatigue
		7.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Mental Fatigue
			7.3.1 Adenosine Accumulation
			7.3.2 Phosphocreatine Concentration
			7.3.3 Role of Interoception
		7.4 Impact of Mental Fatigue on Sport and Exercise Performance
			7.4.1 Physical Performance
				7.4.1.1 Endurance Performance
				7.4.1.2 Strength, Power, and Anaerobic Performance
			7.4.2 Technical Performance
			7.4.3 Tactical Performance
			7.4.4 Psychological Performance
		7.5 Athlete Experiences of Mental Fatigue
			7.5.1 Athlete Perceptions of Mental Fatigue
			7.5.2 Athlete Reports of Mental Fatigue in Training, Competition, and Camp Settings
			7.5.3 Differentiating Mental Fatigue and Other Common Athlete Self-report Measures
		7.6 Management of Mental Fatigue
			7.6.1 Acute Countermeasures to Mitigate Mental Fatigue and Enhance Mental Recovery
			7.6.2 Deliberate Inducement of Mental Fatigue
		7.7 Research Approaches and Limitations
		7.8 Practical Applications and Conclusions
Section 3 Fatigue: Is it the Same for Everyone?
	8 Influence of Sport and Exercise Demand on Fatigue Mechanisms
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Influence of Sport and Exercise Demand on Fatigue Mechanisms
			8.2.1 Prolonged Submaximal Exercise
				8.2.1.1 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Prolonged Submaximal Sport and Exercise in the Moderate-Intensity Domain?
				8.2.1.2 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Prolonged Submaximal Sport and Exercise in the Heavy-Intensity Domain?
				8.2.1.3 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Prolonged Submaximal Sport and Exercise in the Severe-Intensity Domain?
				8.2.1.4 Summary
			8.2.2 Field-Based Team Games
				8.2.2.1 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Field-Based Team Games?
			8.2.3 Sport and Exercise Lasting Approximately 90 Seconds to 5 Minutes
				8.2.3.1 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Middle-Distance Activities?
			8.2.4 Sport and Exercise Lasting 30–60 Seconds
				8.2.4.1 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Long Distance Sprinting?
			8.2.5 Sport and Exercise Lasting 10–30 Seconds
				8.2.5.1 What are the Likely Causes of Fatigue During Short-Distance Sprinting?
			8.2.6 Resistance Exercise
		8.3 Summary
		Test Yourself
	9 Influence of Biological Sex and Training Status on Fatigue
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Biological Sex
			9.2.1 How Does Fatigue Differ Between Males and Females?
			9.2.2 What Might Explain Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise Fatigue?
		9.3 Training Status
			9.3.1 The Influence of Training Status on Fatigue Mechanisms
				9.3.1.1 Energy Metabolism
				9.3.1.2 Metabolic Acidosis
				9.3.1.3 Thermoregulation
				9.3.1.4 Calcium and Potassium Kinetics
				9.3.1.5 Central Governor/Anticipatory Regulation of Performance
				9.3.1.6 Mental Fatigue
		9.4 Summary
		Test Yourself
Section 4 Summary: Where Next?
	10 Conclusion
		10.1 Where Next?
		10.2 A Word of Caution
		10.3 Staying Informed
			10.3.1 Ways to Stay Informed
				10.3.1.1 Access the Primary Literature
				10.3.1.2 Identify the “Key Players”
				10.3.1.3 Social Media
				10.3.1.4 Professional Memberships
			10.3.2 Potential Problems When Trying to Stay Informed
				10.3.2.1 The Mainstream Media
				10.3.2.2 Who is making the Claims?
		10.4 A Final Word
Index