Fate of Biological Contaminants During Recycling of Organic Wastes

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Fate of Biological Contaminants During Recycling of Organic Wastes
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Contents
Chapter One: Occurrence, fate, and behavior of antibiotic resistance genes in organic wastes during biological treatments ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Occurrence of antibiotics, ARGs, and MGEs in various organic wastes
	3. Fate and behavior of ARGs and MGEs during different organic wastes treatments
	4. Anaerobic digestion
	5. Aerobic composting
	6. Vermicomposting
	7. Elimination strategies for ARGs and MGEs during biological treatments of organic wastes
	8. Conclusion and perspectives
	References
Chapter Two: Human pathogenic microorganism in sludge
	1. Introduction
	2. Presence of the human pathogens in the primary and secondary sludge
	3. Technologies for sludge sanitation and their contribution to the sustainable development goals
	4. Final remarks
	Chapter Two. References
	References
Chapter Three: Potential of entomocomposting toward soil pathogen suppression
	1. Introduction
	2. Persistent pathogens in compost
	3. Fate of pathogens in insect-composted wastes
	4. Mechanisms of pathogen suppression by insect frass fertilizer
	5. Impact of insect frass fertilizer on soil pathogens
	6. Other benefits of insect frass
		6.1. Impact of insect frass fertilizer on soil health
		6.2. Effect of insect frass fertilizer on crop productivity
	7. Research prospects
	8. Conclusion
	Chapter Three. References
	References
Chapter Four: Valorization of fish wastes for circular bioeconomy: A concern toward antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) co ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Methods of fish processing
		2.1. Hydrolysis
			2.1.1. Enzymatic hydrolysis
			2.1.2. Acid hydrolysis
			2.1.3. Bacterial fermentation of fish wastes
			2.1.4. Anaerobic treatment of fish wastes
	3. Utilization of contaminants free fish wastes in different industrial sectors
		3.1. Animal feed
		3.2. Natural pigments
		3.3. Food industry/cosmetics
		3.4. Fish compost
	4. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs): A potential contaminant to aquatic ecosystem
	5. Global fish production and building up of circular economy
		5.1. Circular economy
	6. Conclusion
	Chapter Four. References
	Chapter Four. References
	References
Chapter Five: Dynamics of biological contaminants along with microbial community during vermicomposting
	1. Introduction
	2. Different earthworms for vermicomposting
	3. Composition and diversity of microbes associated with earthworms
		3.1. Microbial diversity of soil, vermicast, and gut of earthworm
	4. Microbial decontamination of environment through earthworms
	5. Role of vermicompost and associated microbe in plant growth and disease management
	6. Future prospects of vermicomposting
	7. Conclusion
	References
Chapter Six: Treatment approaches for bio-contaminants in organic wastes
	1. Introduction
	2. Classification of bio-contaminants
	3. Major treatment approaches for bio-contaminants in organic wastes
		3.1. Organic wastes biodegradation
		3.2. Aerobic biodegradation
		3.3. Anaerobic biodegradation
		3.4. Combination of high-impact and anaerobic biodegradation
		3.5. Degradable natural contaminants
		3.6. Natural toxins reluctant
	4. Different parameters influencing the treatment approaches
		4.1. Biological or natural factors
		4.2. Abiotic or environmental factors
		4.3. Nutrients availability
		4.4. Thermostatic nature
		4.5. Oxygen concentration
		4.6. Moisture content
		4.7. Toxic compounds
		4.8. Representation and selection of the site
	5. Challenges and trends in the removal of bio-contaminants
	6. Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter Seven: Fate of bio-contaminants in organic wastes during composting and vermicomposting processes
	1. Introduction
	2. Bio-contaminants in organic wastes during thermophilic composting
	3. Bio-contaminants in organic wastes during vermicomposting
	4. Bio-contaminants in organic wastes during coupling composting and vermicomposting processes
	5. Application of synchrotron-radiation-based spectromicroscopies in identifying the binding sites of heavy metals in org ...
	6. Conclusions
	Chapter Seven. References
	References
Chapter Eight: Metagenomic analysis revealing the dual microbial community features in three common vermicomposts
	1. Introduction
	2. Methods
		2.1. Experimental setup
		2.2. Chemical determination
		2.3. DNA extraction and sequencing
		2.4. Gene assembly and prediction
		2.5. Species annotation and functional annotation
		2.6. Statistical and analytical methods
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Diversity of microbial community in vermicomposts
		3.2. Bacterial genus with fertilizer feature
		3.3. Pathogenic bacteria in vermicomposts
		3.4. Antibiotic resistance genes in vermicomposts
	4. Conclusion
	Chapter Eight. References
	References
Chapter Nine: Solid waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic
	1. Introduction
	2. Global concerns on COVID-19 waste management
	3. Characteristics of COVID-19 waste
		3.1. Waste amount
		3.2. Waste composition
	4. Management of COVID-19 waste
		4.1. Collection
		4.2. Transportation
		4.3. Treatment/disposal
	5. Conclusions
	References
Chapter Ten: Effects of bio-contaminants in organic waste products on the soil environment
	1. Introduction
	2. Categories of bio-contaminants found in soil
		2.1. Viruses in the soil environment
		2.2. Human pathogenic bacteria in soil
		2.3. Antibiotic resistance genes in the soil
	3. Determination methods of bio-contaminants in soil
	4. Contamination processes
	5. Soil bio-contamination in different regions
	6. Perspectives and mitigation measures
	7. Conclusion
	Chapter Ten. References
	References
Chapter Eleven: Fate of bio-contaminants in soil systems and available remediation methods
	1. Introduction
	2. Occurrence of bio-contaminants from manure, sludge, and wastewater to soil systems
	3. Remediation of bio-contamination in soil systems
		3.1. Physical and chemical methods
		3.2. Biological/microbial methods
	4. Conclusions and future prospectus
	References
Chapter Twelve: Antibiotics and antibiotics resistance genes in poultry and animals manure and their effects on environme ...
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Poultry manure and animals manure
			1.1.1. Poultry manure
			1.1.2. Animals manure
	2. Types of animals manure
	3. Application of poultry and animal manures
		3.1. Application of poultry manure
		3.2. Application of animal manure
		3.3. Adverse effects of manure on environment and human beings
	4. Antibiotics
	5. Antibiotics resistance genes in poultry and animals manure
	6. Source of resistance genes in poultry and animals manure
	7. Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Chapter Thirteen: Vermicomposting as a means of removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from soil and water
	1. Introduction
	2. Vermicomposting process and raw materials used
	3. Role of earthworms in mitigating ARGs in soil
	4. Factors directly or indirectly affecting the fate of ARGs during vermicomposting
		4.1. Biotic factors
		4.2. Abiotic factors
	5. Potential environmental risks of ARGs during vermicomposting
	6. Control strategies for ARGs during vermicomposting
	7. Precaution to be taken during vermiremediation
	8. Conclusion
	References
Chapter Fourteen: Insight on the prevalence of pathogens present in the municipal solid waste of sanitary landfills, dump ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Sources, transmission route, and fate of pathogens in wastes and leachates
	3. Vectors and hosts of viruses
	4. Infectivity and pathogenicity of viruses
	5. Identification and characterization of viruses
	6. Effect on environment and human health
	7. Management and treatment of MSW
	8. Future challenges
	References
Chapter Fifteen: Bioconversion of hazardous organic wastes using invertebrates
	1. Introduction
	2. Hazardous solid organic wastes
	3. Vermicomposting
		3.1. Removal of heavy metals
		3.2. Removal of legacy organic pollutants
		3.3. Removal of emerging pollutants
		3.4. Removal of pathogens
	4. Insect-based bioconversion
		4.1. Removal of heavy metals
		4.2. Removal of legacy organic pollutants
		4.3. Removal of emerging pollutants
		4.4. Removal of pathogens
	5. Biochar: An ingredient to improve hazardous waste bioconversion
	Chapter Fifteen. References
	References
Chapter Sixteen: Effects of plants density on the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in vermi-wetland for recycling ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and methods
		2.1. Materials
		2.2. Experimental design
		2.3. Chemical properties analysis
			2.3.1. Physicochemical properties
			2.3.2. DNA extraction and real-time PCR
			2.3.3. PCR amplification and high-throughput sequencing
			2.3.4. Statistical analysis
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Growth of earthworms and plants during stabilization of sludge
		3.2. Effect of plant density on the stabilization performance
		3.3. Effect of wetland plant density on the distribution of microbial community
		3.4. Effect of plant density on ARGs in excess sludge
		3.5. Correlation analysis between effluent ARGs and impact factors inside vermi-wetland
	4. Conclusions
	Chapter Sixteen. References
	References
Index
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