Fallacies and Argument Appraisal (Critical Reasoning and Argumentation)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 15
1 Strong and Weak Arguments......Page 21
2 Some Historical Conceptions of Fallacy......Page 26
3 Approaching Fallacies......Page 32
4 Why Arguments Go Wrong and How They Fool Us......Page 34
6 Summary......Page 36
FURTHER READING......Page 37
1 Straw Man......Page 39
Relevance......Page 43
2 Treatments of the Straw Man......Page 45
Critical Questions......Page 46
3 Red Herring......Page 48
4 What Has Gone Wrong in These Examples?
Where Does the Fallacy Lie?......Page 50
Critical Questions......Page 52
6 Irrelevant Conclusion......Page 54
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 56
FURTHER READING......Page 60
1 Invalid Structures......Page 61
2 Fallacies of Distribution......Page 64
3 Propositional Fallacies......Page 69
4 Treatments of Propositional Fallacies......Page 70
Critical Questions......Page 71
5 Formal and Informal Fallacies......Page 72
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 74
FURTHER READING......Page 75
1 Introduction......Page 77
2 Ambiguity and Equivocation......Page 78
3 Treatments of the Fallacy of Equivocation......Page 82
Critical Questions......Page 83
4 Vagueness......Page 84
Critical Questions......Page 87
6 Complex Question......Page 89
Critical Questions......Page 91
8 Begging the Question......Page 92
9 Treatments of Begging the Question......Page 95
Critical Questions......Page 96
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 97
FURTHER READING......Page 100
1 Introduction......Page 101
2 The General  Ad Hominem......Page 103
3 Treatments of  Ad Hominem......Page 106
Critical Questions......Page 109
Abusive Ad Hominem......Page 112
Circumstantial Ad Hominem......Page 113
Tu Quoque Arguments......Page 114
Guilt by Association......Page 116
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 117
FURTHER READING......Page 122
1 Introduction......Page 124
2 Argumentum Ad Populum......Page 125
Critical Questions......Page 127
3 Argumentum Ad Baculum......Page 128
Critical Questions......Page 132
4 Argumentum Ad Misericordiam......Page 133
Critical Questions......Page 135
5 Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam......Page 137
Critical Questions......Page 140
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 141
FURTHER READING......Page 146
1 Introduction......Page 147
2 Authorities and Experts......Page 148
3 Testimony......Page 150
4 The General Appeal to an Expert......Page 151
Critical Questions......Page 153
5 Ways of Fallaciousness: Complexities of the Appeal......Page 154
Critical Questions......Page 155
6 Summary......Page 163
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 164
FURTHER READING......Page 167
1 Introduction......Page 169
2 Generalizations......Page 170
Hasty Generalizations......Page 172
Secundum Quid......Page 174
The Gambler’s Fallacy......Page 175
Critical Questions......Page 177
5 Fallacy of Insufficient Statistics......Page 179
6 Fallacy of Biased Statistics......Page 181
7 Measurement Errors......Page 183
Critical Questions......Page 186
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 187
FURTHER READING......Page 191
1 Correlations and Causal Reasoning......Page 193
2 The Post Hoc Fallacy......Page 194
3 Misidentifying the Cause......Page 199
Critical Questions......Page 202
4 The Argument from Consequences......Page 203
5 The Fallacy of the Slippery Slope......Page 205
Critical Questions......Page 207
6 Distinguishing Causal Slopes from Precedents......Page 208
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 209
FURTHER READING......Page 213
1 Principles of Analogy......Page 214
2 False Analogy......Page 216
Critical Questions......Page 220
3 Fallacious Appeal to Precedent......Page 221
Critical Questions......Page 224
4 Two Wrongs by Analogy......Page 225
Critical Questions......Page 227
CHAPTER EXERCISES......Page 228
FURTHER READING......Page 233
Index......Page 235