Facts and Fallacies of Software Engineering

Acknowledgments. Foreword. I. 55 FACTS. Introduction. @CHAPTER 1. = About Management. People.Fact 1. The most important factor in software work is the quality of the programmers.Fact 2. The best programmers are up to 28 times better than the worst programmers.Fact 3. Adding people to a late project makes it later.Fact 4. The working environment has a profound impact on productivity and quality.Tools and Techniques.Fact 5. Hype (about tools and techniques) is the plague on the house of software.Fact 6. New tools/techniques cause an initial loss of productivity/quality.Fact 7. Software developers talk a lot about tools, but seldom use them.Estimation.Fact 8. One of the two most common causes of runaway projects is poor estimation.Fact 9. Software estimation usually occurs at the wrong time.Fact 10. Software estimation is usually done by the wrong people.Fact 11. Software estimates are rarely corrected as the project proceeds.Fact 12. It is not surprising that software estimates are bad. But we live and die by them anyway!Fact 13. There is a disconnect between software management and their programmers.Fact 14. The answer to a feasibility study is almost always \"yes\".Reuse.Fact 15. Reuse-in-the-small is a well-solved problem.Fact 16. Reuse-in-the-large remains a mostly unsolved problem.Fact 17. Reuse-in-the-large works best for families of related systems.Fact 18. Reusable components are three times as hard to build, and should be tried out in three settings.Fact 19. Modification of reused code is particularly error-prone.Fact 20. Design pattern reuse is one solution to the problems of code reuse.Complexity.Fact 21. For every 25 percent increase in problem complexity, there is a 100 percent increase in solution complexity.Fact 22. Eighty percent of software work is intellectual. A fair amount of it is creative. Little of it is clerical.2. About the Life Cycle. Requirements.Fact 23. One of the two most common causes of runaway projects is unstable requirements.Fact 24. Requirements errors are the most expensive to fix during production.Fact 25. Missing requirements are the hardest requirements errors to correct.Design.Fact 26. Explicit requirements \"explode\" as implicit (design) requirements for a solution evolve.Fact 27. There is seldom one best design solution to a software problem.Fact 28. Design is a complex, iterative process. Initial design solutions are usually wrong, and certainly not optimal.Coding.Fact 29. Designer \"primitives\" (solutions they can readily code) rarely match programmer \"primitives\".Fact 30. COBOL is a very bad language, but all the others (for business applications) are so much worse.Error-removal.Fact 31. Error-removal is the most time-consuming phase of the life cycle.Testing.Fact 32. Software is usually tested at best at the 55-60 percent (branch) coverage level.Fact 33. 100 percent coverage is still far from enough.Fact 34. Test tools are essential, but many are rarely used.Fact 35. Test automation rarely is. Most testing activities cannot be automated.Fact 36. Programmer-created, built-in, debug code is an important supplement to testing tools.Reviews/Inspections.Fact 37. Rigorous inspections can remove up to 90 percent of errors before the first test case is run.Fact 38. But rigorous inspections should not replace testing.Fact 39. Post-delivery reviews (some call them \"retrospectives\") are important, and seldom performed.Fact 40. Reviews are both technical and sociological, and both factors must be accommodated.Maintenance.Fact 41. Maintenance typically consumes 40-80 percent of software costs. It is probably the most important life cycle phase of software.Fact 42. Enhancements represent roughly 60 percent of maintenance costs.Fact 43. Maintenance is a solution, not a problem.Fact 44. Understanding the existing product is the most difficult task of maintenance.Fact 45. Better methods lead to MORE maintenance, not less.3. About Quality. Quality.Fact 46. Quality IS: a collection of attributes.Fact 47. Quality is NOT: user satisfaction, meeting requirements, achieving cost/schedule, or reliability.Reliability.Fact 48. There are errors that most programmers tend to make.Fact 49. Errors tend to cluster.Fact 50. There is no single best approach to software error removal.Fact 51. Residual errors will always persist. The goal should be to minimize or eliminate severe errors.Efficiency.Fact 52. Efficiency stems more from good design than good coding.Fact 53. High-order-language code can be about 90 percent as efficient as comparable assembler code.Fact 54. There are tradeoffs between size and time optimization.4. About Research. Fact 55. Many researchers advocate rather than investigate.II. 5+5 FALLACIES 5. About Management. Fallacy 1. You can\'t manage what you can\'t measure.Fallacy 2. You can manage quality into a software product.People.Fallacy 3. Programming can and should be egoless.Tools and Techniques.Fallacy 4. Tools and techniques: one size fits all.Fallacy 5. Software needs more methodologies.Estimation.Fallacy 6. To estimate cost and schedule, first estimate lines of code.About the Life Cycle. Testing.Fallacy 7. Random test input is a good way to optimize testing.Reviews.Fallacy 8. \"Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow\".Maintenance.Fallacy 9. The way to predict future maintenance cost and to make product replacement decisions is to look at past cost data.7. About Education. Fallacy 10. You teach people how to program by showing them how to write programs.Conclusions. About the Author. Index. 0321117425T09232002