Factors Influencing Mammalian Kidney Development: Implications for Health in Adult Life

Contents......Page 6
2 Morphological Development of the Mammalian Kidney......Page 10
2.2 Mesonephros......Page 12
2.3 Metanephros......Page 14
2.4 Renal Vascular Development......Page 16
3 Genetic Regulation of Metanephric Development......Page 18
3.2 Molecular Regulation of Ureteric Budding and Branching Morphogenesis......Page 19
3.3 Molecular Regulation of Nephrogenesis......Page 21
3.5 The Renin–Angiotensin System: An Important System Regulating Renal Development and Function......Page 23
3.6 Summary of Molecular Regulation of Metanephric Development......Page 24
4.2 Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract......Page 25
4.5 Polycystic Kidney Disease......Page 26
5.1 Organ Culture......Page 27
5.2 Three-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Imaging......Page 29
5.3.1 Unbiased Counting of Nephrons......Page 30
5.4 Microarrays......Page 33
5.5 Use of Knock-in/Reporter Mice to Analyse Gene Function and Expression......Page 34
6.2 Fetal Metanephric Renal Function......Page 36
6.3 Sodium Transporters......Page 37
7.1 Nephron Endowment in the Human......Page 41
7.2 Effect of Prematurity......Page 44
7.3.2 Iron......Page 45
7.4 Timing of Nephrogenesis and Nephron Endowment in Animal Models......Page 46
8.1 Overview: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis......Page 48
8.2.1 Links of Disease Outcome to Birthweight......Page 49
8.3.1 Maternal Undernutrition......Page 50
8.3.3 Maternal Glucocorticoid Exposure......Page 51
8.4.1 Experimental Manipulations Resulting in a Reduced Nephron Endowment......Page 52
8.5.2 The Link Between Low Nephron Number and Hypertension in Humans......Page 55
8.6 Mechanisms Leading to a Reduced Nephron Endowment......Page 56
8.7.2 Sodium Channels......Page 57
8.8.1 Effect of Gender/Sex......Page 58
8.8.2 Lifestyle Factors: A Congenital Nephron Deficit Renders the Kidney Susceptible to Secondary Insults......Page 59
8.8.3 Models and Methodologies: Problems and Pitfalls......Page 61
8.10.1 Epigenetic Regulation......Page 62
9 Future Directions......Page 63
9.1 Clock Genes......Page 64
9.3 New Renal Factors......Page 65
References......Page 67
Subject Index......Page 88