Fact-finding without facts: the uncertain evidentiary foundations of international criminal convictions

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Introduction......Page 15
1.A. The prevalence of eyewitness testimony......Page 25
1.B. The limitations of eyewitness testimony......Page 28
2 Questions Unanswered: International Witnesses and the Information Unconveyed......Page 35
2.A. International witnesses and their inability to answer who, what, where, or when questions......Page 36
2.A.i. Dates......Page 38
2.A.ii. Duration......Page 41
2.A.iii. Distance......Page 43
2.A.iv. Numerical Estimations......Page 47
2.A.v. Two-Dimensional Representations......Page 50
2.A.vi. Important Details......Page 52
2.A.vii. Court Procedures......Page 53
2.A.viii. Summary......Page 57
2.B. Questions and answers: a different sort of communication breakdown......Page 58
3.A. Education, literacy, and life experiences......Page 77
3.B. Interpretation errors......Page 80
3.C. Cultural divergences......Page 93
3.D. Education, interpretation, and culture: innocent explanations or concealment techniques?......Page 114
3.E. Summary......Page 119
4.A. The nature of the inconsistencies......Page 120
4.B. The prevalence of the inconsistencies......Page 132
4.C. The causes of the inconsistencies......Page 136
5 Perjury: The Counternarrative......Page 144
5.A. A cultural component to perjury?......Page 145
5.B. Perjury incentives......Page 149
5.C. The incidence of perjury at the international tribunals......Page 163
6 Expectations Unfulfilled: The Consequences of the Fact-Finding Impediments......Page 181
7 Casual Indifference: The Trial Chambers’ Treatment of Testimonial Deficiencies......Page 203
7.A. The trial chambers’ lackadaisical attitude toward testimonial deficiencies......Page 204
7.B.i. A Brief Summary of the Case......Page 217
7.B.ii. Crimes Committed in the Towns of Tongo Field......Page 218
7.B.iii. Crimes Committed in Koribondo......Page 220
7.B.v. Crimes Committed in the Bonthe District......Page 226
7.B.vi. Crimes Committed at Talia......Page 228
7.B.vii. Crimes Committed in the Moyamba District......Page 229
7.B.viii. The Enlistment or Use of Child Soldiers......Page 230
7.B.ix. The Underlying Crimes......Page 233
7.C. Summary and statistics: international criminal trials and the culture of conviction......Page 234
8 Organizational Liability Revived: The Pro-Conviction Bias Explained......Page 238
8.A. The politics of acquittals......Page 239
8.B. Judicial backgrounds......Page 248
8.C. The lure of organizational liability......Page 249
8.C.i. Organizational Liability as an Evidentiary Proxy......Page 250
8.C.ii. Explaining the Acquittals by Evidentiary Proxies......Page 268
8.C.iii. Summary......Page 285
9 Help Needed: Practical Suggestions and Procedural Reforms to Improve Fact-Finding Accuracy......Page 287
9.A. Improving that which already exists: small-scale adaptations to existing procedures......Page 288
9.A.i. Language Interpretation......Page 290
9.A.ii. Investigations......Page 291
9.A.iii. On-Site Visits......Page 295
9.B. Publicizing and punishing perjury......Page 296
9.C. Large-scale procedural reforms......Page 299
9.C.i. The Case for Contextualization......Page 300
9.C.ii. International Criminal Procedures: Uniformity in the Face of Diversity......Page 303
9.C.iii. Considering Context through the Importation of Domestic Procedures......Page 311
9.C.iv. The Choice between Adversarial and Nonadversarial Methods of Evidence Presentation......Page 316
9.D. Reducing the impact of testimonial deficiencies and aligning stated and actual conviction justifications through the use of associational doctrines......Page 335
10 Assessing the Status Quo: They Are Not Doing What They Say They Are Doing, but Is What They Are Doing Worth Doing?......Page 348
10.A. The adequacy of inferences......Page 349
10.B. The close-enough approach to fact-finding......Page 353
10.C. Reconceptualizing the standard of proof......Page 357
Conclusion......Page 379
Articles......Page 389
Books......Page 397
Book chapters......Page 401
Cases and case documents......Page 405
Newspaper articles......Page 411
Reports......Page 414
Statutes, statutory materials, and constitutions......Page 417
Un documents......Page 418
Web sites......Page 420
Index......Page 423