Facing the unexpected in flight : human limitations and interaction with technology in the cockpit

Content: IntroductionBasic MotivationChallengesApproach AdoptedOriginality of the ResearchIntroduction to Aeronautical TechniquesPurpose of This IntroductionThe Pilot's Operational ContextThe Operational Interface between These SystemsHow the Pilot Integrates These SystemsSome General Remarks on DisplaysThe Cognitive Method AdoptedChosen ApproachIndispensable ModellingConcepts EmployedHypotheses and the Scope of ApplicationElaboration of the ModelPresentation and Basic HypothesisMental Models (MMs)Short-Term and Working MemoriesBasic MechanismsOperational Processor (OP) and Agents (PA and AG)Cognitive Functions (CF)GoalsPerceptionsTemporal FunctioningThe Model in UseBasic Kinematic Functional DiagramDynamic FunctioningLevels of Action of Cognitive FunctionsEffective Use of Discontinuous Cognitive ActionsWhat Time to Use?: SequencingProcess behind the Cognitive Analysis PerformedSelection of CasesSelection CriteriaBasis for the AnalysisUse of Experts: Validity RatingList of Selected CasesCase 1: A330, Go-AroundFlight Phase: A340-600, Normal Landing Flare without IncidentCase 2: A321, Aborted Take-OffCase 3: Concorde, Approach/LandingCase 4: F/A-18, AirshowCase 5: A310, LandingCase StudiesPresentationA330: Incident, Approach, Go-AroundSummary of the CaseAnalysisChoice of SequencesChronological Analysis of SequencesRemainder of FlightLanding Flare of an A340-600 Aircraft in Manual FlightIntroductionCognitive ModelSequencesPlan of the AnalysisAnalysisObservationsInitial FindingsMain ObservationsAttention Focus and Tunnelling EffectDeduced HypothesesHypothesis 1: Basic Cognitive Function Type (BCFT)Hypothesis 2: The Influence of Contrast between the Present Situation and the EventHypothesis 3: Need for Simple ReactionsInfluence of Factors Other than OperationalProbabilities or Certainties?Summary and RecommendationsSummaryTransmitter/ReceiverCommon DenominatorsFirst Phase: Trigger EventSecond Phase: DiagnosisThird Phase: Decision-ActionFourth Phase: Interruption of TunnellingConsequences and Prospects: `F = m.?? '?Facts and ReflectionsBasic Equation and Shortlist of Human LimitationsManual Flight and AutomationChanging the Pilot's RoleSo Are Aircraft Better than Pilots?CertificationUse of the MethodField of ApplicationPerspectivesEye-Tracking TechnologyNeuropsychologyConclusionA Pilot on Board: But for How Long?Some Personal ObservationsDronesThe CockpitProstheses and Their InterfacingLast ResortEmergence of SystemsThe AuthoritiesConclusionAppendix A: Further Case StudiesAppendix B: Seven Flight SystemsAppendix C: Psychological Concepts UsedAppendix D: Exploitation of Expert Ratings