Facility Piping Systems Handbook: For Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities

Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 24
General......Page 28
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE)......Page 29
American Water Works Association (AWWA)......Page 30
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)......Page 31
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)......Page 32
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)......Page 33
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)......Page 34
Additional Standards......Page 35
Code Acceptance......Page 36
Corrosion Resistance......Page 37
Brass (BR)......Page 39
Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CI)......Page 40
Copper......Page 41
Lead (LD)......Page 42
Stainless Steel (SS)......Page 43
Other Metallic Piping Materials......Page 45
Key Properties of Plastic Pipe......Page 47
Description and Classification......Page 48
Plastic Pipe Standards and Nomenclature......Page 49
Elements for Selection......Page 51
Permeability......Page 53
Plastic Pipe Materials......Page 55
Glass (GL)......Page 59
Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)......Page 60
Fitting Types......Page 61
Fitting Materials......Page 62
Metallic Pipe Joints......Page 64
Welding......Page 70
Flanged......Page 73
Hinged Clamp......Page 74
Adapters......Page 76
Joints for Plastic Piping......Page 77
Joints for FRP Piping......Page 78
Double-Wall Piping......Page 80
Valve Components......Page 82
Valve Body Materials......Page 83
Valve Actuators......Page 84
Operating and Torque Considerations......Page 87
Firesafe Valves......Page 88
Pressure Loss Through Valves......Page 89
Valve Selection Considerations......Page 90
Gate Valves......Page 91
Globe Valves......Page 94
Plug Valves......Page 96
Ball Valves......Page 97
Butterfly Valves......Page 99
Pinch Valves......Page 100
Miscellaneous Valve Types......Page 101
Metallic Alloy Designations......Page 103
Metric Pipe Sizes......Page 104
Hangers and Supports......Page 105
System Components......Page 106
References......Page 117
Filter Classification and Testing......Page 118
Filter Categories and Definitions......Page 119
Filter Ratings......Page 120
Membrane Filter Testing......Page 121
General......Page 122
Types of Strainers......Page 123
Materials of Construction......Page 124
Design Considerations and Selection Criteria......Page 126
Filter Classifications......Page 128
Deep Bed Granular (Sand) Filtration......Page 129
Activated Carbon Filters......Page 132
Cartridge Depth Filters......Page 133
Code Considerations......Page 136
Specific Substances......Page 137
References......Page 148
Codes and Standards......Page 150
Water Impurities......Page 151
Dissolved Minerals and Organic Substances......Page 153
General......Page 155
Deposits......Page 160
Corrosion......Page 161
Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)......Page 162
Ryznar Stability Index (RI)......Page 163
Aggressiveness Index (AI)......Page 164
Aeration......Page 165
Deaeration......Page 166
Dealkalizing......Page 167
Distillation......Page 168
Filtration......Page 170
Ion Exchange and Removal......Page 172
Membrane Filtration and Separation......Page 180
Microbial Control......Page 184
Water Treatment......Page 186
Potable Water Treatment......Page 187
Water Purification......Page 188
Laboratory Systems......Page 190
Purified Water Types......Page 192
Pharmaceutical Water Treatment Process......Page 194
Feedwater......Page 195
Purification System Design......Page 196
Central Purification Equipment......Page 197
References......Page 200
Basics......Page 202
Types of Insulation......Page 207
Jackets......Page 209
Coatings, Adhesives, and Sealants......Page 212
Insulation Material and Thickness Selection......Page 213
Calculation of Insulation Thickness......Page 217
Freezing of Water......Page 222
The Mechanics of the Freezing Process......Page 223
Pipe Damage due to Freezing......Page 224
The Freezing of Water in Atmospheric Vessels......Page 225
Sewer and Water Supply Piping Design......Page 228
Derivation of the Basic Formula for Frost Depth......Page 233
Heat Tracing......Page 242
Electric Heat Tracing......Page 245
Steam Tracing......Page 250
References......Page 262
Hydrologic Cycle......Page 264
Aquifers......Page 266
Inflow into Excavations......Page 267
Preliminary Investigations......Page 271
Storm Water Inlet Selection......Page 272
System Design Criteria......Page 280
Design Storm......Page 282
Determination of Design Storm......Page 285
System Design Procedure......Page 290
System Design Considerations......Page 294
Site Retention Methods......Page 295
Pipe and Installation Classifications......Page 310
Loads Acting on a Pipe......Page 312
Superimposed Loads......Page 315
Bedding......Page 325
Total Load on Buried Pipe......Page 327
Cleaning Methods......Page 334
Preventive Maintenance......Page 336
Manholes......Page 337
Sizing the Sanitary Sewer......Page 339
Sanitary Sewer Design Considerations......Page 344
Codes and Standards......Page 355
System Components......Page 356
Component Design and Selection......Page 357
System Design Considerations......Page 359
Storm Water Disposal......Page 361
Water Supplied from a Public Utility......Page 366
Preliminary Information Required......Page 382
Calculation of the Pipe Size......Page 383
Water Supplied from Wells......Page 384
Project Water Supply......Page 394
Domestic Water Service......Page 395
Fire Protection Water Service......Page 401
Groundwater Monitoring Wells......Page 404
Casing......Page 405
References......Page 406
System Components......Page 408
The Soil......Page 409
System Design......Page 412
Acknowledgments......Page 418
System Components......Page 420
Bulk Storage......Page 421
Sizing the Large Bulk Tank......Page 423
Sizing the Vaporizer......Page 427
Pressure from Liquid Gases......Page 428
Pressure Relief Valves......Page 430
Pipe Materials and Insulation......Page 431
Pipe Sizing Methods......Page 432
References......Page 434
General......Page 436
Fixture Units......Page 437
Velocity of Water......Page 438
Major System Components......Page 441
Sanitary System Design......Page 445
Suds Pressure Areas......Page 448
Sump Pumps and Sewage Ejectors......Page 449
Septic System......Page 453
Collection and Treatment Alternatives......Page 464
Vacuum Drainage System......Page 465
One Pipe Drainage System......Page 466
System Design......Page 467
Circuit and Loop Vents......Page 470
Suds Relief Vents......Page 471
Air Admittance Valves......Page 472
General System Criteria......Page 473
Roof Drainage Systems......Page 474
System Description......Page 484
Water Meters......Page 485
Contamination Prevention......Page 486
Water Velocity......Page 489
Water Distribution Systems......Page 490
Estimating Water Demand......Page 491
Design of the Water Supply Distribution System......Page 492
Adjusting Water Pressure......Page 495
System Description......Page 504
Water Heating Methods and Equipment......Page 505
Water Heater Sizing......Page 507
Safety and Protective Devices......Page 514
Hot Water Temperature Maintenance......Page 518
Circulating Water System......Page 522
Electric Heating Cable......Page 529
Fixture Minimum Pipe Space Requirements......Page 531
Codes and Standards......Page 534
Pipe Material and Joint Selection Considerations......Page 535
pH Definition......Page 536
General......Page 537
System Design Considerations......Page 541
Acid Waste Treatment......Page 542
The Nature of Radiation......Page 543
Units of Radiation Dose......Page 544
Allowable Radiation Levels......Page 545
Radioactive Materials......Page 546
General Design Criteria......Page 547
General Design Considerations......Page 548
Decontamination......Page 549
Infectious and Biological Waste Drainage Systems......Page 550
Biological Safety Levels......Page 551
Liquid Waste Decontamination System......Page 552
Codes and Standards......Page 554
System Design Considerations......Page 555
System Description......Page 556
Methods of Separation and Treatment......Page 557
Smaller Systems......Page 558
References......Page 559
General......Page 560
Minimum Number of Plumbing Fixtures......Page 561
Basic Pool Components......Page 564
Pool Water Circulation System......Page 567
Pool Filtration Systems......Page 570
Sand Filters......Page 571
Diatomaceous Earth Filters......Page 573
General......Page 575
Precoating and Backwashing the DE Filter......Page 576
Chemical Control......Page 577
Stabilizers......Page 578
Chemical Feed System......Page 579
Chemical Control Systems......Page 580
Pool Heating and Cooling Systems......Page 581
General Pool Criteria......Page 582
Turnover Rate and Bather Load......Page 584
General......Page 585
Turnover Rates......Page 586
Acknowledgment......Page 587
References......Page 588
Definitions and Liquid Fuel Classifications......Page 590
Codes and Standards......Page 591
System Components......Page 594
Storage Tanks......Page 595
Leak Detection and System Monitoring......Page 603
Vapor Recovery Systems......Page 610
Product Dispensing Systems......Page 612
Storage Tanks......Page 615
Leak Detection and System Monitoring......Page 618
Product Dispensing Systems......Page 619
Fire Pump Fuel Storage......Page 620
Emergency Generator Fuel Storage......Page 624
Piping Materials......Page 625
Pipe Sizing......Page 626
Submersible Pump Sizing......Page 627
Tests......Page 630
UST......Page 632
System Design Considerations......Page 633
References......Page 635
Codes and Standards......Page 636
System Operating Pressures......Page 638
General......Page 639
Major Natural Gas System Components......Page 640
Site Distribution......Page 643
Site Service Sizing Procedure......Page 644
Pipe and System Materials for Site Installation......Page 648
Discussion......Page 652
Storage Tanks......Page 660
Tank Foundations and Support......Page 663
Pressure Relief Devices......Page 665
Service Line Valves......Page 667
Vaporizer......Page 668
LPG System Design......Page 669
System Components......Page 678
System Design Considerations......Page 680
References......Page 681
General......Page 682
Definitions and Pressure Measurements......Page 683
Physical Properties of Air......Page 685
Water Vapor in Air......Page 686
Impurities and Contamination......Page 690
System Components......Page 692
System Design......Page 710
Project Design Example......Page 733
Air Quality Standards......Page 738
General......Page 739
Classification of Specialty Gases......Page 740
Storage and Generation of Gases......Page 741
Distribution System Components......Page 746
Distribution Network......Page 754
Codes and Standards......Page 771
Description and General Uses for the Common Gases......Page 772
Storage and Generation of Gases......Page 773
The Surgical-Medical Air Compressor Assembly......Page 778
Dental Air Compressor Assembly......Page 781
The Distribution Network......Page 782
Pipe Materials, Joints, and Installation......Page 783
Valves......Page 784
System and Equipment Sizing......Page 789
General......Page 802
References......Page 804
Definitions and Pressure Measurement......Page 806
System Components......Page 816
Codes and Standards......Page 822
Vacuum Source......Page 823
Distribution Network Sizing and Arrangement......Page 826
System Sizing......Page 827
General......Page 833
Methods of Anesthesia Gas Removal......Page 834
Codes and Standards......Page 836
Design Criteria......Page 837
Vacuum Generation......Page 839
Distribution Network......Page 842
Codes and Standards......Page 843
Redundancy......Page 844
Sizing Criteria......Page 846
System Components......Page 848
Detailed System Design......Page 852
References......Page 862
Codes and Standards......Page 864
Animal Drinking Water System......Page 865
Drinking Water Treatment......Page 866
Drinking Water System Components and Selection......Page 868
Animal Rack Manifold Configurations......Page 869
Cleaning and Drainage Practices......Page 871
Monitoring Systems......Page 880
Swine Cooling Systems......Page 881
References......Page 883
Hazard Assessment......Page 884
Codes and Standards......Page 885
Types of Drench Equipment......Page 886
Installation Requirements for Drench Equipment......Page 891
Drench Equipment Components......Page 897
Visibility of Devices......Page 900
System Design......Page 901
General......Page 902
Types of Systems......Page 903
Types of Personal Respirators......Page 904
Breathing Air Purity......Page 906
System Components......Page 908
Component Selection and Sizing......Page 911
References......Page 915
Types of Installations......Page 916
Equipment......Page 917
System Configurations......Page 921
General......Page 924
System Components......Page 925
Precautions......Page 926
Typical Installations and Details......Page 928
Pipeline Cleaning......Page 933
Filters......Page 934
Seawater Intake......Page 935
Equipment Selection and Mechanical Room Design Considerations......Page 936
References......Page 937
System Components......Page 938
System Design......Page 940
System and Component Sizing......Page 942
References......Page 947
Codes and Standards......Page 948
General Heat Exchanger Types......Page 949
Choosing Off-the-Shelf Shell-and-Tube Exchangers......Page 955
Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers......Page 956
Immersion Heat Exchangers......Page 959
Air-Cooled Exchangers......Page 960
Heat Exchanger Selection......Page 961
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers......Page 962
Sizing Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve......Page 964
References......Page 965
Appendix A. Pipe Distribution Systems......Page 966
Appendix B. Glossary and Abbreviations......Page 994
Appendix C. Metric Unit Conventions and Conversions......Page 1020
A......Page 1026
C......Page 1027
D......Page 1029
F......Page 1030
H......Page 1031
L......Page 1032
M......Page 1033
P......Page 1034
S......Page 1035
V......Page 1038
W......Page 1039
Z......Page 1040