Extremophiles: Sustainable Resources and Biotechnological Implications

EXTREMOPHILES......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 17
Introduction......Page 21
1.1 Introduction......Page 27
1.2.1 Habitat......Page 28
1.2.4 Proteome......Page 29
1.3.2 Cellular Organization......Page 30
1.3.4 Proteome......Page 31
1.4.4 Proteome......Page 32
1.5.3 Genome......Page 33
1.6.2 Cellular Organization......Page 34
1.6.3 Genome......Page 35
1.7.2 Cellular Organization......Page 36
1.7.4 Proteome......Page 37
1.8.1 Microbiology......Page 38
1.8.2 Molecular Biology......Page 39
1.8.3 Bioinformatics......Page 42
1.9.1 Biofuel Production......Page 43
1.9.3 Pesticide Biodegradation......Page 44
1.9.6 Potential Applications and Benefits......Page 45
1.11 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 46
References......Page 47
2.1 Introduction......Page 55
2.2.1 Thermophiles......Page 56
2.2.2 Psychrophiles......Page 63
2.2.3 Halophiles......Page 67
2.2.4 Alkaliphiles......Page 72
2.2.5 Acidophiles......Page 75
2.2.6 Barophiles......Page 78
2.3 Extremolytes......Page 80
2.3.1 Production and Purification of Extremolytes......Page 82
2.3.3 Limitations......Page 89
References......Page 90
3.1 Introduction......Page 101
3.2 Thalassohaline and Athalassohaline Hypersaline Environments......Page 102
3.3.1 Isolation of Aerobic Chemoheterotrophic Archaea from Solar Salterns......Page 105
3.3.2 Magnesium-Requiring and Magnesium-Tolerant Archaea from the Dead Sea......Page 107
3.3.4 Isolation of Unusual Anaerobic Halophiles from Deep-Sea Brines......Page 108
3.3.5 Isolation of Polyextremophilic Anaerobic Halophiles......Page 109
3.3.7 Isolation of Halophilic Archaea from Low-Salt Environments......Page 110
3.4 The Upper Salinity Limits of Different Types of Energy Generation......Page 111
3.5 Final Comments......Page 114
References......Page 115
4.1 Introduction......Page 121
4.2 Industrial Applications of Halophilic Organisms and Their Proteins......Page 122
4.3 Extreme and Moderate Halophiles and Their Proteins......Page 124
4.4 Generation of Low-Salt Stable Extreme-Halophilic Proteins......Page 125
4.5 Interconversion of Halophilic and Nonhalophilic Proteins......Page 131
4.5.1 Dimer–Tetramer Conversion of HaNDK and PaNDK......Page 132
4.5.2 Generation of Halophilic PaNDK......Page 134
4.6 Soluble Expression of Recombinant Proteins......Page 136
4.8 Organic Solvent Tolerance......Page 139
References......Page 140
5.1 Introduction......Page 149
5.2.1 Morphology......Page 150
5.2.2 Metabolism......Page 151
5.2.4 Natural Habitats......Page 152
5.2.5 Pigments......Page 154
5.3 Applications of Halophilic Archaea......Page 156
5.3.1 Production of Enzymes......Page 157
5.3.2 Production of Biopolymers......Page 161
5.3.3 Uses in Fermented Foods......Page 163
5.3.4 Uses in Bioremediation and Xenobiotic Degradation......Page 164
5.3.5 Uses in Solar Salt Production......Page 165
5.3.6 Carotenoid Derivative Production and Biotechnological Uses......Page 166
5.3.7 Other Applications......Page 167
5.3.8 Applications in Astrobiology-Related Research......Page 168
5.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 169
References......Page 170
6.1 Introduction......Page 185
6.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Cold Environments......Page 188
6.3 Exopolysaccharides......Page 189
6.5.1 Stable Proteins at Cold Temperatures......Page 190
6.5.2 Cold-Adapted Enzymes......Page 193
6.6.3 Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 194
6.7.1 Biodegradation of Petroleum......Page 195
6.7.2 Biodegradation of Phenolic Compounds......Page 196
6.7.3 Bioremediation of Radionuclides, Halogenated Organics, and Nitramines......Page 197
Acknowledgments......Page 198
References......Page 199
Webliography......Page 200
7.1 Introduction......Page 201
7.2 Thermophiles......Page 202
7.2.1 Thermophilic Anaerobes and Clostridia......Page 204
7.2.2 Ecology of Thermophiles......Page 205
7.2.3 Ecology of Extreme Thermophilic Archaea......Page 207
7.2.5 Biotechnology of Thermophiles......Page 208
7.3 Acidophiles......Page 213
7.4 Alkaliphiles......Page 217
7.4.2 Biotechnology of Acidophilic and Alkaliphilic Microorganisms......Page 218
7.5.1 NaCl-Enriched Ecosystems......Page 219
7.6 Piezophiles......Page 220
References......Page 222
8.1 Introduction......Page 231
8.2 Enzymes from Extremophiles in Food Processing......Page 232
8.2.1 Enzymes from Thermophiles......Page 234
8.2.2 Enzymes from Cold-Adapted Organisms......Page 238
8.2.3 Molecules from Halophiles......Page 241
8.3 Alkaliphiles, Acidophiles, and Piezophiles......Page 243
8.4.1 Meat and Fish......Page 244
8.4.2 Milk and Dairy Products......Page 245
8.4.3 Canned and Dried Food......Page 246
8.5 Extremophiles as Pathogens of Food Species......Page 247
References......Page 248
9.1 Introduction......Page 259
9.2.1 Thermophiles and Liquid Fuels: Butanol and Ethanol......Page 261
9.2.2 Thermophiles and Gaseous Fuels: Methane and Hydrogen......Page 265
9.2.3 Psychrophiles and Acidophile Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for Fuels......Page 266
9.3.1 Lignocellulose: A Recalcitrant but Valuable Biomass Resource......Page 267
9.3.2 Other Polymeric Biomass Resources......Page 272
9.3.3 Enhancing Enzyme Efficiency......Page 274
References......Page 275
10.1 Introduction......Page 293
10.2 Thermophilic Cellulases for Deconstruction of the Plant Cell Wall......Page 295
10.2.1 Thermophilic Cellulase Production and Characteristics......Page 296
10.2.2 Alterations in Thermophiles for High-Cellulase Titers......Page 299
10.3 Ethanol Production at Elevated Temperatures......Page 300
10.3.1 Thermotolerant Microorganisms for Ethanol Production......Page 302
10.3.2 Improvements in Thermophilic Ethanol Producers......Page 303
10.3.3 Process Development and Thermophiles......Page 305
10.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges......Page 307
References......Page 309
11.1 Introduction......Page 317
11.2 Biopolymeric Fibers......Page 318
11.3 Extremophilic Enzymes and Their Use in the Textile Industry......Page 319
11.3.1 Amylases......Page 320
11.3.3 Pectinases......Page 321
11.3.6 Esterases......Page 322
11.4.1 Fiber Preparation......Page 323
11.4.2 Fabric Preparation......Page 326
11.4.3 Enzymes in Biopreparation of Textiles......Page 329
11.5.1 Biopolishing of Cotton......Page 332
11.5.2 Bio-Denim Washing......Page 333
11.5.3 Biopolishing of Jute......Page 335
11.5.6 Biopolishing of Lyocell......Page 336
11.6 Role of Enzymes in Textile After-Care......Page 337
11.7 Role of Enzymes in Effluent Treatment of Textiles......Page 340
References......Page 341
12.1 Introduction......Page 345
12.2 Biomining Extremophiles and Their Industrial Applications......Page 346
12.3 Molecular Studies in Acidophilic Biomining Microorganisms......Page 348
12.4.1 Acidophilic Bacteria......Page 350
12.4.2 Acidophilic Archaeons......Page 354
References......Page 357
13.1 Introduction......Page 361
13.2 EPS Produced by Extremophilic Bacteria......Page 362
13.3 Examples of Proposed EPS Biosynthesis from Extremophiles......Page 371
13.4 Physicochemical Investigations for Potential Applications......Page 375
References......Page 377
14.1 Introduction......Page 383
14.3 Physical Properties of EPSs......Page 384
14.6 Clinical Applications of EPSs......Page 385
14.7.1 Halomonas stenophila B-100......Page 387
References......Page 388
15.1 Introduction......Page 393
15.2.1 Industrial Implications......Page 395
15.2.2 Therapeutic Implications......Page 396
15.3.1 Microorganisms: An Asset in Extremolyte Fermentation......Page 397
15.3.2 Evaluation of the Fermentation Process......Page 401
15.4 Commercialization of Extremolytes and Extremozymes......Page 406
15.5 Product Recovery......Page 408
References......Page 409
16.1 Introduction......Page 415
16.3 Extremolytes as Cell Protectants......Page 417
16.3.1 Mycosporine-like Amino Acids......Page 418
16.4 Novel Therapeutics in the Developmental Stage......Page 419
16.5 Homeland Security and Military Medicine......Page 420
16.6 Technological Gaps in Therapeutic Product Development Using Extremophiles......Page 422
16.7 Conclusions......Page 423
References......Page 424
Index......Page 429
Supplemental Images......Page 457