Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium: Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal

Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium: Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contributors......Page 4
1 . Introduction to the development of processes for primary Ti metal production......Page 6
 References......Page 13
 2. Ore sources......Page 16
  3.1 Pretreatments to improve subsequent separation......Page 17
  3.2 Sulfate process......Page 18
  3.3 Chloride process......Page 19
 References......Page 20
 1. Introduction......Page 22
  2.1 Rock ilmenite and titanomagnetite......Page 24
  2.2 Sand ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile......Page 26
 3. Ilmenite smelting to titania slag......Page 29
  3.1 Electric arc furnace smelting of rock ilmenite......Page 31
  3.2 Electric arc furnace smelting of sand ilmenite......Page 33
  4.1 The Becher process......Page 35
  4.2 The Benilite process......Page 37
  4.3 Other processes for ilmenite upgrading......Page 38
 5. Titania slag upgrading to UGS......Page 39
 6. Production of titanium carbide feedstock......Page 40
 7. Conclusions......Page 41
 References......Page 44
 2. Titanium tetrachloride......Page 49
  3.1 Fluidized bed chlorination......Page 51
  3.2 Molten salt chlorination......Page 56
 4. Titanium tetrachloride purification......Page 57
 5. Production of pure titanium dioxide......Page 58
  5.1 The Sulfate process......Page 60
 6. Other precursors......Page 61
 References......Page 62
 1. Historical developments in titanium metal production [1]......Page 65
 2. Kroll process......Page 66
  2.1 Chlorination process......Page 67
  2.2 Reduction and separation processes......Page 68
 3. Hunter process......Page 71
 4. Fundamentals of titanium reduction process......Page 75
 5. Electrochemical reactions during thermochemical reduction......Page 78
 6. Reduction mechanism of TiCl4 during the Kroll process......Page 81
 7. Past research for new titanium production processes [49-51]......Page 83
 8. Summary......Page 90
 References......Page 92
 1. Introduction......Page 96
 2. Source of ore......Page 98
 3. Production of TiCl4......Page 99
  4.1 Production of titanium sponge......Page 100
 5. The Hunter process......Page 101
 7. Kroll process......Page 102
 8. Magnesium reduced acid leach (MRAL) (no longer practiced)......Page 103
 9. Vacuum distillation process TOHO timet......Page 106
  9.1 VSMPO special metals......Page 108
 10. Preparation for melting......Page 109
 References......Page 110
 1. Introduction......Page 112
 2. Process description......Page 113
 3. Experimental results......Page 119
 4. Role of hydrogen for ADMA process......Page 121
 References......Page 126
 Further reading......Page 127
 1. Introduction......Page 128
 2. Studies on reduction of titanium oxide before 2000 [10]......Page 131
  3.1 Electrochemical reduction of oxides using molten salt electrolysis......Page 140
  3.2 Calcium reduction of TiO2 using preform reduction process......Page 147
  3.3 Recent studies on metallothermic reduction of TiO2......Page 151
 4. Future prospects of metallothermic reduction processes for direct production of titanium from oxides......Page 152
 5. Summary......Page 156
 References......Page 157
 1. Introduction......Page 162
  2.1 Two-step process strategy......Page 164
  2.2 Hydrogen destabilization of the Ti-O solid solution......Page 166
  2.3 Hydrogen passivation effect......Page 167
  2.4 The bridging effect of salt......Page 168
 3. HAMR process description......Page 169
 4. HAMR product characterization......Page 170
 Acknowledgments......Page 173
 References......Page 174
 1. Introduction......Page 177
  2.1 Theoretical calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the Ti-O solid solutions......Page 178
  2.2 Experimental investigation of the thermodynamic properties of Ti-O solid solutions......Page 180
   3.1.1 DOSS process of deoxygenating by liquid Ca......Page 182
   3.1.2 Chemically activated calcium halide flux deoxidation process......Page 184
   3.1.3 Ca vapor deoxygenation process......Page 185
   3.1.4 Molten salt assisted Ca solid deoxygenation process......Page 187
   3.2.1 Destabilizing Ti-O solid solutions by hydrogen......Page 189
   3.2.2 Experimental demonstration of deoxygenating Ti powder with Mg in H2 atmosphere......Page 193
   3.3.1 Electrochemical deoxygenation in CaCl2 melt with Ca metal deposition theory......Page 194
   3.3.2 Electrochemical deoxygenation in molten CaCl2 with cathodic ionization theory......Page 197
   3.3.3 Electrochemical deoxygenation in MgCl2 melt......Page 200
  3.4 Other deoxygenation methods......Page 201
 4. Concluding remarks......Page 202
   A.1.1 Determination of ΔG3 based on Ti-O binary system......Page 203
   A.1.2 Determination of ΔG1 based on Ti-H binary system......Page 204
   A.1.3 Determination of ΔG4 based on Ti-O-H ternary phase diagrams......Page 206
   A.1.4 Determination of ΔG2 and the oxygen potential in TiHxOy at 700°C......Page 210
 References......Page 216
 C......Page 220
 E......Page 222
 F......Page 224
 H......Page 225
 K......Page 226
 M......Page 227
 S......Page 228
 T......Page 229
 Z......Page 232