Extra High Voltage A.C. Transmission Engineering

Foreword\n......Page 8
Preface to the Third Edition \n......Page 10
Preface to the First Edition\n......Page 12
Contents......Page 14
1.2 Brief Description of Energy Sources and Their Development\n......Page 20
1.3 Description of Subject Matter of this Book\n......Page 23
2.1 Standard Transmission Voltages\n......Page 28
2.3 Power-Handling Capacity and Line Loss\n......Page 30
2.4 Examples of Giant Power Pools and Number of Lines\n......Page 33
2.5 Costs of Transmission Lines and Equipment \n......Page 34
2.6 Mechanical Considerations in Line Performance\n......Page 36
3.1 Resistance of Conductors\n......Page 41
3.2 Temperature Rise of Conductors and Current-Carrying Capacity\n......Page 45
3.3 Properties of Bundled Conductors\n......Page 47
3.4 Inductance of E.H.V. Line Configurations\n......Page 49
3.5 Line Capacitance Calculation\n......Page 57
3.6 Sequence Inductances and Capacitances\n......Page 60
3.7 Line Parameters for Modes of Propagation\n......Page 63
3.8 Resistance and Inductance of Ground Return\n......Page 69
4.1 Electrostatics\n......Page 80
4.2 Field of Sphere Gap\n......Page 82
4.3 Field of Line Charges and Their Properties\n......Page 87
4.4 Charge-Potential Relations for Multi-Conductor Lines\n......Page 91
4.5 Surface Voltage Gradient on Conductors\n......Page 95
4.7 Gradient Factors and Their Use\n......Page 106
4.8 Distribution of Voltage Gradient on Sub-Conductors of Bundle\n......Page 108
4.9 Design of Cylindrical Cages for Corona Experiments\n......Page 111
Appendix : Voltage Gradients on the Conductors in the Presence of Ground Wires on Towers\n......Page 126
5.1 I2R Loss and Corona Loss\n......Page 132
5.2 Corona-Loss Formulae\n......Page 133
5.3 Charge-Voltage (q–V ) Diagram and Corona Loss \n......Page 137
5.4 Attenuation of Travelling Waves Due To Corona Loss\n......Page 141
5.5 Audible Noise: Generation and Characteristics\n......Page 144
5.6 Limits for Audible Noise\n......Page 145
5.7 AN Measurement and Meters\n......Page 146
5.8 Formulae for Audible Noise and Use in Design\n......Page 150
5.9 Relation Between Single-Phase and 3-Phase AN Levels\n......Page 153
5.10 Day-Night Equivalent Noise Level\n......Page 154
5.11 Some Examples of AN Levels from EHV Lines\n......Page 155
6.1 Corona Pulses: Their Generation and Properties\n......Page 157
6.2 Properties of Pulse Trains and Filter Response\n......Page 161
6.3 Limits for Radio Interference Fields\n......Page 163
6.5 Lateral Profile of RI and Modes of Propagation\n......Page 166
6.6 The CIGRE Formula\n......Page 170
6.7 The RI Excitation Function\n......Page 175
6.8 Measurement of RI, RIV, and Excitation Function\n......Page 181
6.9 Measurement of Excitation Function\n......Page 183
6.10 Design of Filter\n......Page 185
6.11 Television Interference (TVI)\n......Page 186
7.1 Electric Shock and Threshold Currents\n......Page 191
7.2 Capacitance of Long Object\n......Page 192
7.3 Calculation of Electrostatic Field of A.C. Lines\n......Page 193
7.4 Effect of High E.S. Field on Humans, Animals, and Plants\n......Page 202
7.5 Meters and Measurement of Electrostatic Fields\n......Page 204
7.6 Electrostatic Induction on Unenergized Circuit of a D/C line\n......Page 205
7.7 Induced Voltage in Insulated Ground Wires\n......Page 208
7.8 Magnetic Field Effects\n......Page 209
7.9 Magnetic Field of 3-Phase Lines\n......Page 210
7.10 Magnetic Field of a 6-Phase Line\n......Page 218
7.11 Effect of Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Human Health\n......Page 219
8.1 Travelling Waves and Standing Waves at Power Frequency\n......Page 225
8.2 Differential Equations and Solutions for General Case\n......Page 228
8.3 Standing Waves and Natural Frequencies\n......Page 234
8.4 Open-Ended Line: Double-Exponential Response\n......Page 238
8.5 Open-Ended Line: Response to Sinusoidal Excitation\n......Page 239
8.6 Line Energization With Trapped-Charge Voltage\n......Page 240
8.7 Corona Loss and Effective Shunt Conductance\n......Page 242
8.8 The Method of Fourier Transforms\n......Page 243
8.9 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves\n......Page 246
8.10 Transient Response of Systems with Series and Shunt lumped Parameters and Distributed Lines\n......Page 249
8.11 Principles of Travelling-Wave Protection of E.H.V. Lines\n......Page 251
9.1 Lightning Strokes to Lines\n......Page 255
9.2 Lightning-Stroke Mechanism\n......Page 256
9.3 General Principles of the Lightning Protection Problem\n......Page 259
9.4 Tower-Footing Resistance\n......Page 262
9.6 Probability of Occurrence of Lightning Stroke Currents\n......Page 264
9.7 Lightning Arresters and Protective Characteristics\n......Page 265
9.8 Dynamic Voltage Rise and Arrester Rating\n......Page 269
9.9 Operating Characteristics of Lightning Arresters\n......Page 270
9.10 Insulation Coordination Based on Lightning\n......Page 273
10.1 Origin of Overvoltages and their Types\n......Page 278
10.2 Short-Circuit Current and the Circuit Breaker\n......Page 279
10.3 Recovery Voltage and the Circuit Breaker\n......Page 281
10.4 Overvoltages Caused by Interruption of Low Inductive Current\n......Page 283
10.5 Interruption of Capacitive Currents\n......Page 284
10.6 Ferro-Resonance Overvoltages\n......Page 285
10.7 Calculation of Switching Surges–Single Phase Equivalents\n......Page 286
10.8 Distributed-Parameter Line Energized by Source\n......Page 292
10.9 Generalized Equations for Single-Phase Representation\n......Page 295
10.10 Generalized Equations for Three-Phase Systems\n......Page 299
10.11 Inverse Fourier Transform for the General Case\n......Page 304
10.12 Reduction of Switching Surges on EHV Systems\n......Page 306
10.13 Experimental and Calculated Results of Switching-Surge Studies\n......Page 308
11.1 Types of Electrode Geometries Used in EHV Systems\n......Page 314
11.2 Breakdown Characteristics of Long Air Gaps\n......Page 315
11.3 Breakdown Mechanisms of Short and Long Air Gaps\n......Page 318
11.4 Breakdown Models of Long Gaps With Non-Uniform Fields\n......Page 321
11.5 Positive Switching-Surge Flashover—Saturationproblem\n......Page 324
11.6 CFO and Withstand Voltages of Long Air Gaps—Statistical Procedure\n......Page 327
11.7 CFO Voltage of Long Air Gaps—Paris\'s Theory\n......Page 333
12.2 Generalized Constants\n......Page 337
12.3 No-Load Voltage Conditions and Charging Current\n......Page 340
12.4 The Power Circle Diagram and Its Use\n......Page 342
12.5 Voltage Control Using Synchronous Condensers\n......Page 347
12.6 Cascade Connection of Components–Shunt and Series Compensation\n......Page 349
12.7 Sub-Synchronous Resonance in Series-Capacitor Compensated Lines\n......Page 356
12.8 Static Reactive Compensating Systems (Static Var)\n......Page 364
12.9 High Phase Order Transmission\n......Page 374
13.1 Standard Specifications\n......Page 378
13.2 Standard Waveshapes for Testing\n......Page 380
13.3 Properties of Double–Exponential Waveshapes\n......Page 382
13.4 Procedures for Calculating a, b, E\n......Page 385
13.5 Waveshaping Circuits: Principles and Theory\n......Page 387
13.6 Impulse Generators with Inductance\n......Page 392
13.7 Generation of Switching Surges for Transformer Testing\n......Page 395
13.8 Impulse Voltage Generators: Practical Circuits\n......Page 397
13.9 Energy of Impulse Generators\n......Page 400
13.10 Generation of Impulse Currents\n......Page 404
13.11 Generation of High Alternating Test Voltage\n......Page 408
13.12 Generation of High Direct Voltages\n......Page 412
13.13 Measurement of High Voltages\n......Page 413
13.14 General Layout of E.H.V. Laboratories\n......Page 424
14.1 Introduction\n......Page 428
14.2 Design Factors Under Steady State\n......Page 429
14.3 Design Examples: Steady-State Limits\n......Page 432
14.4 Design Example—I (400 kv, 200 km, 1000 MW)\n......Page 433
14.5 Design Example-II: 400 kv, 400 km, 1000 MW with Shunt Compensation\n......Page 438
14.6 Design Example—III:400 kv, 800 km, 500 MW/Circuit, 50%Series-Capacitor Compensation, and Shunt Reactors at both Ends\n......Page 439
14.7 Design Example–IV 750 kv, 500 KM, 2000 MW (With only shunt-Reactors)\n......Page 440
14.8 Line Insulation Design Based Upon Transient Overvoltages\n......Page 442
15.1 Introduction\n......Page 448
15.2 Electrical Characteristics of E.H.V. Cables\n......Page 454
15.3 Properties of Cable-Insulation Materials\n......Page 464
15.4 Breakdown and Withstand Electrical Stresses in Solid Insulation—Statistical Procedure\n......Page 472
15.5 Design Basis of Cable Insulation\n......Page 480
15.6 Further Examples of Cable Designs\n......Page 485
15.7 Tests on Cable Characteristics\n......Page 489
15.8 Surge Performance of Cable Systems\n......Page 492
15.9 Gas Insulated E.H.V. Lines\n......Page 497
Bibliography......Page 501
Answers to Problems......Page 518
Index......Page 524