Extended Working Life Policies: International Gender and Health Perspectives

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Challenges and Opportunities for Extended Working Lives
1 Introduction: Key Issues and Policies for Extending Working Life
	Introduction
	The Semantics of Extended Working Life
	Addressing Gender and Health Inequalities
		The Gendered Dimension of Extended Working Life
		The Health Dimension of Extended Working Life
	Labour Market Influences on the Employability of Older Workers
	Older Workers in the Era of Digitalisation
	Labour Force Shortages and Older Workers in Periods of Economic Upturns
	Concluding Remarks
	References
2 The ‘Older Worker’ and the ‘Ideal Worker’: A Critical Examination of Concepts and Categorisations in the Rhetoric of Extending Working Lives
	Introduction
	Privileged Older People and Men as the Norm
		The Privileged Life Course as the Norm
		Contradictory Definitions of Gender Equality
	Individualization of Responsibility and Risk
		Who Wants to Employ Older Workers?
	Final Remarks
	References
3 Data Issues and Indicators
	Introduction
	Data Sets and Indicators—An Overview
	Applications
	The Impact of Different Working Conditions on Income Poverty and Material Deprivation by Age
	Attitudes Towards Extended Working Life Across European Countries
	Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Policy Toolkits on Employment and Ageing: A Conceptual Framework
	Introduction
	What is a Policy Toolkit?
	A Typology of Tools
	Good Practice
	Social Indicators
	Programme Evaluation
	Forecasts, Projections and Simulations
	Interaction of Toolkits and Policy Processes
	Policies
	Policy-Making and Policy Toolkits
	Discussion and Conclusions
	References
5 Problems and Prospects for Current Policies to Extend Working Lives
	Introduction
	The ‘Unaffordable’ Older Population
	Live Longer, Work Longer
	Paradoxes in the ‘Big Ideas’ in the Debate
		Precarity Versus Flexibility
	Macro, Meso and Micro Perspectives
	Delaying Retirement or Extending Work?
		Changes in the Average Age at Retirement for Men and Women
		Health
		Changing Employment Trends
	Current Extended Working Life Debates and Their Potential Policy Futures
		Concluding Thoughts
	References
Part II Extended Working Life Policies: Country Experiences
6 Albania
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment in Albania
	Transformation of Pension System
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Gender and Health Implications
	Policy Recommendations
	References
7 Australia
	Introduction
	The Australian Gender Lens of Extended Working Lives
	Australian Retirement Incomes
		Pillar 1: Wages Income
		Pillar 2: Government Benefits
		Pillar 3: The Superannuation Guarantee
	Government Employment Policies
		Financial Incentives
		Flexible Employment
		Education and Training
		Health Policies
		Older Worker Policies
		Working Conditions and Precarity
	Conclusion
	References
8 Austria
	Gender and Employment in Austria
	Research on Extended Working Life in Austria
	Pension System and Extended Working Life Pension Policies in Austria
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Conclusion
	Policy Recommendations
	References
9 Belgium
	Introduction
	Pensions and End of Career
	Older Workers and Management Practices
	Care Policies and Informal Caregivers
	Chronic Disabilities
	Debate in the Media
	References
10 Bosnia and Herzogovina
	Introduction
	The Socio-Economic Context in Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Gender and Employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Pension System and Extended Working Life Policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Pension Reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Employment Policies to Extend Working Life
	Health Policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Policy Recommendations
	References
11 Bulgaria
	Gender and Employment in Bulgaria
	The Pension System and Extended Working Life Policies in Bulgaria
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Employment Obstacles Faced by Older People
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Gender and Health Implications
	Policy Recommendations
	References
12 Chile
	Introduction
	Labour Force Participation of Older People
	Working Conditions of Older Workers
	Recent Pension Reforms
	Debate on Extended Working Life in Chile
	Voluntary Contributions to Pension Funds
	Health Dimension of the Ageing Context in Chile
		Disability in Old Age
		Disability Insurance
		Dependency, Dementia and Caring in Old Age
	Cultural Dimension of the Ageing Context in Chile
		Attitudes and Opinions on Retirement and the Pension System
		Age Discrimination Against Older People
	Conclusion: Towards a Lifecourse Framework to Better Understand Ageing Contexts
	References
13 Croatia
	Introductory Notes: Socio-Economic Situation, Retirement Practices, and Older Workers
	Research Insights: Notes on Caring, Health and Pension System
	Notes on Policy Issues
		Pension Policies
		Employment Policies
		Health Policies
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Conclusion
	References
14 Cyprus
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment in Cyprus
	Pension System and Pension Policies
	Pension Policies to Extend Working Life
	Employment Policies to Extend Working Life
	Policies for Reducing the Risk of Poverty in Cyprus
	Healthcare and Policies
	Debate on Extending Working Lives
	Policy Recommendations
	References
15 Czech Republic
	Introduction
	Research Regarding Older Employees in the Czech Republic
	Age Management and Senior Education in the Czech Republic
	Policies Regarding Late Employment
	Debate
	Conclusion
	References
16 Denmark
	Introduction
	Pension Policy
	Recent Reforms in Pension Policies
	Employment Policies
	Health Policies
	Precarious Employment
	Danish Debate
	Conclusion
	References
17 Estonia
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment in Estonia
	Pension System and Pension Policies Extending Working Life in Estonia
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extended Work-Life Policies
	Discussion: Gender and Health Implications and Policy Recommendations
	References
18 Finland
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment
	Extending Working Life Employment Policies
	Pension Policies
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extending Working Lives
	Conclusion
	References
19 France
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment in France
	Pension System and Extended Working Life Pension Policies in France
	Unemployment Policies
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extending Working Life
	Gender and Health Implications of Extending Working Life?
	Conclusion
	References
20 Germany
	Introduction: Gender and Employment in Germany
	Pension Policies
	Actors Intervening in the Pension Reforms Debate
	Low Paid Employment
	Disability Pensions
	Balancing Professional and Family Responsibilities
	Employment Policies to Extend Working Life
	Conclusion
	References
21 Greece
	Introduction
	Gender, Ageing and Employment in Greece
	Pension Systems Pension Policies and Extended Working Life
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Health and Long Term Care Policies
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Policy Recommendations
	References
22 Ireland
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment in Ireland
	Pension System and Pension Policies Extending Working Life in Ireland
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Gender and Health Implications
	Policy Recommendations
	References
23 Israel
	Israel’s Socio-Economic Situation
	The Israeli Pension System
	The Debate Over Women’s Pension Age
	After Retirement-Age Employment: Another Source of Cheap Labour
	Health, Work, and Ageing
	Conclusion
	References
24 Italy
	Introduction
	Gender Inequalities in Paid and Unpaid Work and Employment Policies
	Care Services
	Pension System, Inequalities in Pension Income by Gender and Public Social Protection Expenditure
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Health
	Conclusions
	References
25 Lithuania
	Introduction
	Pension System Reforms
	Pension Policies
	Health Policies
	Employment Policies
	Precarious Employment
	Debate on Extending Working Lives
	Existing Research
	Conclusion
	References
26 Netherlands
	Introduction
	Pension Policies and Retirement Age
	Employment Policies
	Health and Care Policies
	Debate on Appropriate Future Statutory Retirement Age
	Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	References
27 New Zealand
	Labour Force Participation by Age and Gender
	The New Zealand Retirement Income System
	New Zealand Employment Policies
		Flexible Work
		Assistance to Working Carers
		Education and Retraining
		Antidiscrimination Policies
	Health Policies
	Precarious Employment
	Research and Debate on Extending Working Lives
	Policy Response
	Conclusion
	References
28 Poland
	Introduction
	Pension Policies
	Attitudes Toward Later Age of Retirement
	Age and Gender Differences on the Labour Market
	Health of the Ageing Population
	Recommendation and Conclusions
	References
29 Portugal
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment
	Pension System and Extended Working Life Pension Policies
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Health and Care
	Conclusion
	References
30 Romania
	Introduction
	Gender and the Labour Market in Romania
	Employees and Retired People
	Existing Research on Older Workers and Extended Working Life
	Pensions and Retirement
	Working Policies After Retirement
	Ageing and the Labour Market
	Debates and Perspectives
	References
31 Serbia
	Introduction
	Pension Policies
	Employment Policies
	Health Policies
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Conclusion
	References
32 Slovakia
	Introduction
	Pension Policies in Slovakia
	Employment Policies in Slovakia
	Health Policies
	Precarious Work
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Conclusion
	References
33 Slovenia
	Introduction
	Socio-Economic Context, Labour Market and Older Workers
	Pension System and Extending Working Life Policies
	Gender and Health Impacts
	Concluding Remarks
	References
34 Spain
	Introduction
	Gender and Employment in Spain
	Labour Market Exit and Pensions Policies in Spain
	Extended Working Life Employment Policies
	Working-Condition Related Policies
	Precarious Employment
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Gender and Health Implications
	Policy Recommendations
	References
35 Sweden
	Introduction
	The Swedish Pension System
	EWL and Flexible Work
	Age Discrimination/Ageism
	Caregiving
	Employer’s Attitudes to EWL
	Working Environment
	Conclusion
	References
36 Switzerland
	Introduction
	Highly Differentiated Gendered Employment Patterns Across the Lifecourse
	The Swiss Pension System
	The Swiss Gender Pension Gap
	Swiss Pension Reforms from a Gender Perspective
	References
37 Turkey
	Introduction
	Pension Policies
	Employment Policies
	Health Policies
	Precarious Employment
	Debate on Extended Working Life
	Assessment and Conclusion
	References
38 United Kingdom
	Introduction
	Extended Working Life: The Policy Context and Debate
	Age, Gender and Employment in the UK: Trends Over Time
		UK Pension System Reforms
		Occupational Pensions and Auto-Enrolment
		Employment and Health Policies
	Conclusions
	References
39 United States
	Introduction
	The US Retirement Income System
		Public Pensions
		Private Sector Pensions
		Individual Retirement Savings
	Employment
		Work–Family Balance, Health, and Anti-age Discrimination
	Discussion
	References
Glossary
Index