Expressing the Self: Cultural Diversity and Cognitive Universals

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Expressing the Self:
Cultural Diversity and Cognitive Universals
Copyright
Contents
Preface and acknowledgements
List of figures and tables
List of abbreviations
The contributors
1: Introduction: The self in language, in thought,
and en route in-between
Part I:
The self across languages
	2: ‘Me’, ‘us’, and ‘others: ’Expressing the self in Arawak languages of South America,
with a focus on Tariana
		2.1
The Arawak language family: a snapshot
		2.2
How person is expressed in Arawak languages
		2.3
Inclusive and exclusive first person across Arawak languages
			2.3.1
Borrowing an exclusive first-person pronoun
			2.3.2 Developing an inclusive/exclusive distinction through
language-internal resources
		2.4
The expression of ‘self’ in Tariana
			2.4.1
Personal pronouns and cross-referencing
			2.4.2
A special status of first person in future forms
			2.4.3
The expression of ‘self’ through evidentials
				2.4.3.1
Evidentials and preferred information source in Tariana
				2.4.3.2
Evidentials and person
			2.4.4
Special features of first-person narrators
			2.4.5
Downplaying the ‘self ’
		2.5
Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
	3: The proper treatment of egophoricity
in Kathmandu Newari
		3.1
Introduction
		3.2
Egophoricity in Newari
		3.3
phoricity as self-ascription
		3.4
Analysis
			3.4.1
Indexicals vs egophors
			3.4.2
Assertion
		3.5
Conclusion
	4: Self-referring in Korean, with reference to Korean first-person
markers
		4.1
Introduction
		4.2
Background
			4.2.1
Self-referring expressions and indexicality
			4.2.2
Personal pronouns and self-referring expressions in Korean
		4.3
Data collection and methods
		4.4
Self-denigration
		4.5
Contextual information
			4.5.1
Information about interlocutors
		4.6
Non-compositional meanings of first-person pronouns
		4.7
Sources of first-person markers
		4.8
Conclusions
	5: Expressing the self in Japanese: Indexical expressions in the service
of indexical thoughts
		5.1
The importance of first-person perspective
		5.2
First-person reference in Japanese
		5.3 The problem: does self-expression in Japanese shed light
on the characteristics of indexical thought?
		5.4
A possible answer: extreme linguistic determinism
		5.5
An alternative answer: distinguishing two sides of the self
		5.6
Proposed analysis: facets of the self highlighted in communication
		5.7 Implications for expressing indexical thoughts and for
the indexical/non-indexical distinction in natural languages
		5.8
Conclusion
	6:
De se marking, logophoricity, and ziji
		6.1
Introduction
		6.2
Expressing self in Chinese
			6.2.1
A first look
			6.2.2
Two ziji?
		6.3
Ziji without de se
			6.3.1
Going dynamic
			6.3.2
Empathic locus
		6.4
Ziji as a test case
		6.5
Conclusion
	7: Charting the speaker-relatedness of impersonal pronouns: Contrastive evidence from English,
French, and Thai
		7.1
Introduction
		7.
2 Four types of speaker-related reference
		7.3
Survey of impersonal pronouns in English, French, and Thai
			7.3.1
Hypothesis
			7.3.2
Method
			7.3.3
English results
			7.3.4
French results
			7.3.5
Thai results
		7.4
General discussion
		7.5
Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
Part II:
Self-awareness and self-expression
	8: Expressing the selves: Subject splits and viewpoint hierarchies
in multiple-perspective constructions
		8.1
The self as a blank space
		8.2
First-person perspective(s) and the self
		8.3
The emergence of ‘selves’ via subject split
		8.4
The ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ selves
		8.5
Concluding remarks: beyond the first-person perspective
	9:
Referential variability of generic ‘one’
		9.1
‘One’ and first-person-oriented genericity
		9.2
Assessment of Moltmann’s account
			9.2.1
‘One’ and third-person-oriented genericity
			9.2.2
‘One’ and objective predicates
			9.2.3
Subject-based generalization
			9.2.4
Addressee-targeted generalization
			9.2.5
Simulation-based generalization
		9.3
Four types of reference
			9.3.1
Hypothesis
			9.3.2
Method
				9.3.2.1 Participants
				9.3.2.2 Procedure
				9.3.2.3 Materials
			9.3.3
Results
				9.3.3.1
Type C: −speaker, +generalization
				9.3.3.2
Type B: +speaker, +generalization
				9.3.3.3
Type A: +speaker, −generalization
				9.3.3.4
Type D: –speaker, –generalization
				9.3.3.5
Summary
		9.4
Two dimensions of contextual variation
			9.4.1
Specific/generic reference and at-issue content
			9.4.2
Basis of the generalization and domain restriction
			9.4.3
Summary
		9.5
Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
	10: Expressing the sel:
fFrom types of de se to speech-act types
		10.1
 Introduction
		10.2
De se thoughts: meaning and communication
		10.3 Towards a speech act-based account of expressions de se:
methods and theoretical prerequisites
		10.4
Expressing self-reference: evidence from Polish
			10.4.1
The objectives
			10.4.2
The questionnaire: design and data collection
			10.4.3
The findings
			10.4.4
Discussion
		10.5
Concluding remarks: de se thoughts and speech acts
		Acknowledgements
		Appendix
Part III:
De se thoughts and indexicality
	11:
The incremental self
		11.1
Introduction
		11.
2 The cognitive significance of utterances
		11.3
The attitudes
		11.4
Self-knowledge
		11.5
Two puzzling cases
		11.6
Lewis and de se belief
	12: On the essentiality of thoughts
(and reference
		12.1
Introduction
		12.2
The cognitive base of perceptual thoughts and reference
		12.3
Agent-centred behaviour and viewpoints
		12.4
Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
	13:
Pragmatic indexicals
		13.1
Introduction: indexicality—functionalism galore?
		13.2
Expressing the self: I and its kin
		13.3
The source of the unified account: syntax or pragmatics?
			13.3.1
From syntax to pragmatics or the other way round?
			13.3.2
Syntactic accounts: two examples
				13.3.2.1
Imposters
				13.3.2.2
A monstrous mixing of perspectives: exception or norm?
				13.3.2.3
Feature blocking?
			13.3.3
Self-reference and generic one
		13.4
Pragmatic indexicals?
			13.4.1
Semanticization of indexicality and its problems
			13.4.2
Expression of the self in Default Semantics
		13.5 Remnants of indexicality: categories and functions,
types and tokens
		13.6
Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
References
Name index
Subject index