Exploring Venus as a Terrestrial Planet

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface
......Page 6
Open Questi ons: Ge ology......Page 7
Open Questions: Atm osphere......Page 8
Open Questi ons: Solar wind andatm ospheric escape......Page 9
Conclusion......Page 10
References......Page 11
Introduction......Page 12
Volcanic Plains and Rises......Page 13
Venus ’ Highlands......Page 19
Conclusions......Page 21
References......Page 23
INTRODUCTION......Page 28
HISTORY OF VENUS EXPLORATION......Page 29
CURRENT VIEW OF SURFACEFEATURES AND UNITS......Page 32
DISCUSSION......Page 41
CONCLUSIONS......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 45
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 49
2. BACKGROUND: TECTONIC HISTORYOF EARTH, MARS, AND VENUS......Page 50
3. EFFECTS OF VOLATILES ON RHEOLOGY......Page 54
4. VOLATILES AND INTERIOR CONVECTION......Page 58
5. GEOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OFSTAGNANT LID CONVECTION......Page 59
6. STAGNANT LID CONVECTIONAND MANTLE PLUMES......Page 62
8. FUTURE MEASUREMENTS......Page 64
9. SUMMARY......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 68
1. Introduction......Page 76
2. Summary of Observations and recentdevelopments......Page 77
3. Sulfur Chemistry......Page 83
4. Clouds......Page 87
5. Chlorine chemistry......Page 89
6. Unidentified UV and Blue Absorption......Page 92
7. Emerging Developments : CouplingAmong Cycles and Nitric Oxide......Page 94
8. Comparisons to Other Planets......Page 95
9. Recommendations andFuture Directions......Page 97
References......Page 98
1.1 Lower Atmosphere......Page 104
1.2 Upper Atmosphere......Page 107
2.1 Lower Atmosphere......Page 108
3.1 Lower Atmosphere......Page 113
3.2 Upper Atmosphere......Page 115
4. Impac t of Ongoing andFuture Obser vations......Page 117
5. Concl udi ng Remarks......Page 119
References......Page 120
2. Radiation field in and outside the Venu atmosphere: a syntheses of observations......Page 124
3. Radiative energy balance......Page 128
4. Role of radiation on the climateand evolution of Venus......Page 131
5. Open issues and perspectives......Page 137
References......Page 138
1. Introduction......Page 142
2. The Ionosphere of Venus: What is Knownand WHAT Still Remains to be Learnedat this Time ?......Page 144
3. An Ocean ’s-Wort h of Oxygen Escape ?......Page 148
4. Probing the Venus Interior from Space......Page 153
5. Lightning......Page 155
References......Page 157
Introducti on and Scie ntifi c Background......Page 160
The Venus Express Missi on......Page 161
Venus Express Scie nce Ope rati ons......Page 162
Compa rative Climat ologyof Venus and Earth......Page 163
Summa ry and Longer-te rm Goals......Page 170
Refe rences......Page 172
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 174
3. The Evolution of Venus : Evidence from Bulk Properties and Radar Imagery......Page 176
4. NOBLE GASES: THE KEY TO THE PAST......Page 178
5. BEYOND NOBLE GASES: ATMOSPHERIC LOSSAND CLIMATE THROUGH TIME......Page 183
6. VENUS TODAY: UNDERSTANDING ACTIVEGEOLOGIC, CHEMICAL, AND DYNAMICALPROCESSES......Page 184
7. IN-SITU EXPLORATION OF THE VENUSATMOSPHERE: POTENTIAL MISSIONARCHITECTURES......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 189
Astrobiology and Venus Exploration......Page 193
1. Introduct ion: A Brief History of Venus Exobiology......Page 194
2. Habitable Conditions on Early Venus......Page 195
3. Venus and Comparative Planetary Astrobiology......Page 197
4. The Possibility of Extant Life......Page 199
5. Planetary Protection......Page 204
6. Future Investigations and Exploration......Page 205
References :......Page 206
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 209
3.1. Brief Overview of Historical and Ongoing Missions......Page 210
3.2. Mission Architecture Options for the FutureExploration of Venus......Page 213
4.2. Environmental Tolerance......Page 216
5.2. Protection Systems......Page 217
5.3. Component Hardening......Page 219
5.5. Testing for Extreme Environments......Page 220
5.6. Power Storage and Power Generation......Page 221
5.7. Mobility Technologies......Page 222
5.8. Telecommunication Technologies and Strategies......Page 224
6. SUMMARY......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 226