Exploring Synergies and Trade-offs between Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Achieving Food and Nutrition Security and Climate Change: Clash of the Titans or Alignment of the Stars?
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Millennium Development Goals and the Founding of Sustainable Development Goal 2
		1.2.1 End Hunger
		1.2.2 Achieve Food and Nutrition Security
	1.3 Achieving Zero Hunger: Climate Change Trade-offs and Synergies
		1.3.1 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 1: Access to Nutritious and Sufficient Food
			1.3.1.1 Reducing the Prevalence of Undernourishment: Trade-offs and Synergies with Climate Change Goals
			1.3.1.2 Applying the Food Insecurity Experience Scale: Synergies and Trade-offs with Climate Change Goals
		1.3.2 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 2: End All Forms of Malnutrition
			1.3.2.1 Decreasing the Prevalence of Stunting in Children Below 5: Trade-offs and/or Synergies with Climate Change Goals
			1.3.2.2 Reducing Global Malnutrition: Trade-offs and Synergies with Climate Change Goals
		1.3.3 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 3: Double Agricultural Productivity
			1.3.3.1 Volume of Production: Trade-offs and Synergies with Climate Change Goals
			1.3.3.2 Increased Average Income of Small-Scale Food Producers, by Sex and Indigenous Status: Synergies and Trade-offs with Cl...
		1.3.4 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 4: Sustainable Food Production
			1.3.4.1 Increasing the Proportion of Agricultural Area Under Productive and Sustainable Agriculture: Synergies and Trade-offs ...
		1.3.5 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 5: Genetic Diversity
			1.3.5.1 Securing Plant and Animal Genetic Resources: Synergies and Trade-offs with Climate Change Goals
			1.3.5.2 Increasing or Maintaining the Proportion of Local Breeds Being Extinct: Trade-offs and Synergies with Climate Change G...
		1.3.6 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 6: Increase Investment
			1.3.6.1 Agriculture Orientation Index: Synergies and Trade-offs with Climate Change Goals
			1.3.6.2 Total Official Flows: Synergies and Trade-offs with Climate Change Goals
		1.3.7 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 7: Correct and Prevent Trade Restrictions
			1.3.7.1 Correction and Prevention of Trade Restrictions and Distortions: Synergies and Trade-offs with Climate Change Goals
		1.3.8 Sustainable Development Goal 2, Target 8: Ensure the Proper Functioning of Commodity Markets
			1.3.8.1 Reducing Food Price Anomalies: Synergies and Trade-offs with Climate Change Goals
	1.4 Monitoring and Minimising Trade-offs
	1.5 Suggested Policy Amendments
	1.6 Further Considerations: Transitions in Global Nutrition and Links with Climate Change
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: Climate Change, Hunger and Food Security in Asia with Special Reference to Sri Lanka: Can the Sustainable Development Goals...
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sustainable Development Goals
	2.3 Intersection Between Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Asia
	2.4 SDGs and Sri Lanka
		2.4.1 SDG 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere
		2.4.2 SDG 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture
		2.4.3 SDG 3: Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at All Ages
		2.4.4 SDG 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls
		2.4.5 SDG 6: Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All
		2.4.6 SDG 13: Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts
	2.5 Sri Lanka´s Path to Achieving SDGs by 2030: Challenges
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3: The Status of Climate Variability and Food Accessibility: A Case of Households in Gauteng Province, South Africa
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Aim and Objectives
	3.3 Methodology
	3.4 Results and Discussion
		3.4.1 Climate Variability and Crop Suitability in Gauteng Province
		3.4.2 Climate Change Awareness Among the Households in Gauteng Province
		3.4.3 Household Food Accessibility
		3.4.4 Correlation Between Climate Variability and Socio-economic Characteristics
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4: Climate Resilient Mariculture Technologies for Food and Nutritional Security
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 CMFRI Technology - Sea Cage Farming of Cobia
	4.3 Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture
		4.3.1 Kappaphycus alvarezii Farming
		4.3.2 Demonstration of IMTA
			4.3.2.1 Economic Benefits Through Increased Seaweed Production Under IMTA
			4.3.2.2 Economic Benefit Through Increased Cobia Production Under IMTA
			4.3.2.3 Environmental Benefits
			4.3.2.4 Adoption experience of IMTA in Tamil Nadu
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5: Climate Change and Adaptation: Recommendations for Agricultural Sector
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Concept of Adaptation to Climate Change
	5.3 Agricultural Sustainability and Adaptation
	5.4 Adaptation in Agricultural Development Theories
	5.5 Requirements of Adaptation to Climate Change: The Experience of Developed and Developing Countries
	5.6 Approaches to Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
	5.7 The Need for Development of a Comprehensive Approach to Climate Change Adaptation
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6: Integrated Farming Systems: Climate-Resilient Sustainable Food Production System in the Indian Himalayan Region
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Agro-Climatic Zones of the IHR
		6.2.1 Characteristics of Himalayan Agriculture
		6.2.2 Cropping Systems in the IHR
	6.3 Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) in IHR
		6.3.1 IFS Options for Western and Central Himalayas of India
		6.3.2 IFS Options for Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR) of India
			6.3.2.1 Micro-watershed-Based Farming Systems for Livelihood Security
				Dairy-Based Farming System
				Agro-Pastoral System
				Agri-Horti-Silvi-Pastoral System
			6.3.2.2 IFS for Sloping Land
			6.3.2.3 Pond Dike-Based IFS
			6.3.2.4 Intensive Integrated Farming Systems(IIFS)
			6.3.2.5 SuggestiveIFSmodals for Tripura
			6.3.2.6 Hypothetical Integrated Farming System for Livelihood Security
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7: Adaptation Mechanism of Methylotrophic Bacteria to Drought Condition and Its Strategies in Mitigating Plant Stress Caused b...
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Role of Microorganism in Greenhouse Gas Emission and Reduction
	7.3 Bacterial Adaptation Strategies to Drought Condition
	7.4 Microorganisms Associated with Plant and Soil
		7.4.1 Phyllosphere Microorganism
		7.4.2 Biodiversity of Methylotrophic Bacteria
		7.4.3 Methylotrophic Bacteria and Stress Mitigation
		7.4.4 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase and Hormone Production
		7.4.5 Stomatal Regulation
		7.4.6 Prevention of Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8: Synergies and Trade-offs Between Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals in the Context of Marine Fisheries
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Marine Fisheries and Mariculture in the Context of Climate Change
	8.3 National Policy on Marine Fisheries and Mariculture
	8.4 Effect of Climate Change on Fisheries
	8.5 SDG 2030 Agenda and Its Relevance to Marine Fisheries
	8.6 SDG Compliance in Different Nations
		8.6.1 India
			8.6.1.1 Assisting Small and Artisanal Fishermen
			8.6.1.2 Capacity Development of SAS Member Countries for the Preparation of Specific Policies to Implement Goal 14
			8.6.1.3 Designation of Marine Protected Areas
		8.6.2 United States of America
			8.6.2.1 Big Ocean
			8.6.2.2 Fisheries Conservation in the Wider Caribbean Region Through FAO´s Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECA...
			8.6.2.3 Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
		8.6.3 Eurozone
			8.6.3.1 Blue Action Fund by Germany, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
			8.6.3.2 Fostering the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity Through the International Climate Initia...
			8.6.3.3 French Initiative for Coral Reefs (IFRECOR)
		8.6.4 China
			8.6.4.1 China´s National Climate Change Program
			8.6.4.2 Sustainable Ocean Economy
			8.6.4.3 Green Jobs in China
			8.6.4.4 Marine Observation and Early-Warning and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Capacities
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
		Web Links
9: Increasing Synergies Between Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Energy Policy
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Context of Development and GHG Emission Growth in Viet Nam
		9.2.1 National Circumstances
		9.2.2 Energy Demand Driving Development
		9.2.3 Electricity Demand Driving Development
		9.2.4 Conventional Sources
			9.2.4.1 Hydropower
			9.2.4.2 Coal
			9.2.4.3 Natural Gas
		9.2.5 Renewable Sources
			9.2.5.1 Wind
			9.2.5.2 Solar
	9.3 State of GHG Emissions in Viet Nam
	9.4 Institutional Arrangements and Governance Architecture
	9.5 Regulatory and Policy Frameworks
		9.5.1 Climate Change
			9.5.1.1 Law
			9.5.1.2 Strategies
			9.5.1.3 Action Plans
			9.5.1.4 Programmes
		9.5.2 Green Growth Strategies
			9.5.2.1 Action Plans
			9.5.2.2 Programmes
		9.5.3 Energy
			9.5.3.1 Strategies
			9.5.3.2 Programme
		9.5.4 Public Finance
	9.6 Climate Change Mitigation Under International Agreements
		9.6.1 Implementation of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
		9.6.2 Implementation of the NDC
	9.7 Policy Instruments and Processes to Support Renewable Energy Development
		9.7.1 Pricing Instruments
		9.7.2 Non-pricing Instruments
		9.7.3 Approval, Compensation and Capacity for Project Development
	9.8 Key Challenges to Energy Transition
		9.8.1 Structure of the Energy Industry in Viet Nam
		9.8.2 Electricity Tariffs
		9.8.3 Implications of Electricity Tariffs for EVN
		9.8.4 Tariffs of Electricity Generated from Renewable Energy
		9.8.5 Bankability of Renewable Energy Projects
	9.9 Roles of International Cooperation
		9.9.1 Intergovernmental Cooperation
		9.9.2 Enabling Conditions for Private Investments
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
10: Ensuring Domestic Water Security for Cities Under Rapid Urbanisation and Climate Change Risks
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Challenges of Urbanisation
	10.3 Climate Change and Water Scarcity
	10.4 Urban Water Security
	10.5 Dimensions and Indicators of Urban Water Security
		10.5.1 Water Supply Dimension
			10.5.1.1 Per Capita Freshwater Availability
			10.5.1.2 Per Capita Water Consumption
			10.5.1.3 Proportion of the Population with Piped-Water Supply Users in Relation to Total Population
			10.5.1.4 Duration of Piped Water Supply Service Duration Per Day
			10.5.1.5 Proportion of Safe Drinking Water Supply Based on Drinking Water Quality Standards
			10.5.1.6 Affordability of Domestic Water Supply Tariff
			10.5.1.7 Percentage of Non-revenue Water
		10.5.2 Sanitation Dimension
			10.5.2.1 Proportion of Customers Connected to the Sewer System
			10.5.2.2 Percentage of Treated Wastewater
			10.5.2.3 Proportion of Wastewater Effluent Quality Based on Wastewater Discharge Quality Standards
			10.5.2.4 Affordability of Domestic Wastewater Collection Tariff
		10.5.3 Hygiene Dimension
			10.5.3.1 Water Availability for Hygiene (Per Capita Water Consumption)
			10.5.3.2 Percentage of Population with Diarrhoea
			10.5.3.3 Education Level
	10.6 Measuring Domestic Urban Water Security
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11: Improving Water Productivity for Smallholder Rice Farmers in the Upper West Region of Ghana: A Review of Sustainable Appro...
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Agriculture in Ghana
		11.2.1 Rice in the Agriculture Landscape of Ghana
		11.2.2 Contribution of Agriculture to the Economy of Ghana
	11.3 Water Resources in Ghana
		11.3.1 Rainfall Pattern in Ghana
		11.3.2 Irrigation Development in Ghana
		11.3.3 Irrigation Infrastructure
		11.3.4 Water Reservoirs in Ghana
		11.3.5 Institutions/Farmer Organizations
	11.4 Enhancing Effectiveness of Water Management in UWR, Ghana
		11.4.1 Water Productivity
		11.4.2 Causes of Low Water Productivity
		11.4.3 Measures to Improve Water Productivity
			11.4.3.1 Crops with Low Water Requirement
			11.4.3.2 Mulching Practice
			11.4.3.3 Adaptation to Climate Change
			11.4.3.4 Supplemental Irrigation (SI)
			11.4.3.5 Water Pricing
	11.5 Rice Production Systems in UWR of Ghana
		11.5.1 Irrigated Rice Ecology
		11.5.2 Valley Rice Production
		11.5.3 Sawah Technology
		11.5.4 Upland Rice Production
		11.5.5 Rice Productivity (Opportunities and Challenges)
		11.5.6 Practices, Learning and Water Management Options for Rice Production
			11.5.6.1 Alternative Practices
			11.5.6.2 Participatory Learning, Training and Extension Programmes in Farming
			11.5.6.3 Water Management Options
			11.5.6.4 Improving Economic Policies and Trade for Rice Production
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12: Synergies Between Climate Change, Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function and Services, Indirect Drivers of Change and Human Well...
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Synergies Between Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Function
		12.2.1 Climate Change Impacts on Forest Biodiversity
		12.2.2 Climate Change Impacts on Forest Ecosystem Function
		12.2.3 Climate Change Impacts on the Relationship Between Forest Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
	12.3 Synergies Between Climate Change and Ecosystem Services
		12.3.1 Ecosystem Services in Forests
			12.3.1.1 Forests Are Sources of Wood and Fiber
			12.3.1.2 Forests Are Sources of Energy
			12.3.1.3 Forests Are Sources of Food
			12.3.1.4 Forests Are Sources of Water While Stabilizing Soil
		12.3.2 Relationships Between Ecosystem Function, Species Traits, and Ecosystem Services
		12.3.3 Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services
	12.4 Scaling up from Ecosystem Function to Human Well-Being
		12.4.1 Case Study: Boreal Forests in China
		12.4.2 Case Study: Mediterranean Forests in Southern Spain
		12.4.3 Case Study: Tropical Forest of the Ecuadorian Amazon Basin
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
13: Climate Change Projections of Current and Future Distributions of the Endemic Loris lydekkerianus (Lorinae) in Peninsular ...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methods
		13.2.1 Study Area
		13.2.2 Species Occurrence and Field Data Collection
		13.2.3 Elimination of Sampling Biases Using `Spatial Thinning´ Technique
		13.2.4 Environmental Variables and Covariates
		13.2.5 Multicolinearity Among Variables
		13.2.6 Maxent Modelling and Validation
			13.2.6.1 Maxent Modelling
			13.2.6.2 Maxent Model Validation
		13.2.7 Ecological Forecasting of Habitat Changes in Response to Climate Change
		13.2.8 Representative Concentration Pathways
	13.3 Results
		13.3.1 Model Building and Validation
		13.3.2 Characterization of the Niches of Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus, Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus and L. lydekkerian...
		13.3.3 Potential Habitat Suitability of Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus, Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus and L. lydekkerianu...
			13.3.3.1 Habitat Suitability Under Current Scenario
			13.3.3.2 Potential Habitat Suitability for Future Scenarios
			13.3.3.3 Range Shift of Potential Habitat in Future Scenarios
	13.4 Discussion
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14: Climate Change, Air Pollution, and Sustainable Development Goal 3: An Indian Perspective
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Indian Scenario
	14.3 Global Cooperation Is a Must
	14.4 Promoting Clean Energy and a Sustainable Environment in India: Current Initiatives and Way Forward
	14.5 Notable Global Initiatives That India Can Adopt
	14.6 Building a Resilient Public and Preventive Health System
	14.7 Role of Ayushman Bharat in Building a Climate-Resilient Health System
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
15: Empowerment of Fisherwomen Through Marine Farming
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Seaweed Farming
	15.3 Seaweed Farming Techniques
	15.4 Self-Help Group Model in K. alvarezii Cultivation
	15.5 Economics of Seaweed Farming
	15.6 Constraints in Kappaphycus alvarezii Farming
	15.7 Marine Ornamental Fish Seed Rearing
	15.8 Conclusion
	References