Exploring Natural Language: Working With the British Component of the International Corpus of English

Table of contents
......Page 6
SERIES EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION......Page 12
FOREWORD......Page 14
PREFACE......Page 16

PART 1 : Introducing the corpus......Page 20
1.1 Aims and background......Page 21
1.2 Corpus design......Page 23
1.3 Extra-corpus material......Page 27
1.5 Transcription and markup......Page 28
1.6 Part-of-speech tagging......Page 32
1.7 Syntactic parsing......Page 33
1.9 Digitization......Page 36
1.10 Examining ICE-GB texts......Page 37
2.1 Introduction......Page 41
2.2 ICE Word Classes......Page 42
2.2.1 Adjective (ADJ)......Page 43
2.2.
2 Adverb (ADV)......Page 44
2.2.4 Auxiliary verb (AUX......Page 46
2.2.6 Conjunction (CONJUNC)......Page 48
2.2.9 Formulaic expression (FRM)......Page 49
2.2.12 Noun(N)......Page 50
2.2.14 Numeral (NUM)......Page 52
2.2.15 Preposition (PREP)......Page 53
2.2.16Proform (PROFM)......Page 54
2.2.17 Pronoun (PRON)......Page 55
2.2.20 Verb(V)......Page 57
2.2.21 Miscellaneous tags......Page 60
2.3.1 Adverbial (A) [Function]......Page 61
2.3.7 Adverb Phrase (AVP) [Category......Page 62
2.3.11 Central Determiner (DTCE) [Function]......Page 63
2.3.16 Detached Function (DEFUNC) [Function]......Page 64
2.3.19 Determiner Postmodifier (DTPO) [Function]......Page 65
2.3.25 Empty (EMPTY) [Category]......Page 66
2.3.30 Genitive function (GENF) [Function]......Page 67
2.3.36 Main Verb (MVB) [Function]......Page 68
2.3.41 Noun Phrase Head (NPHD) [Function......Page 69
2.
3.46 Parataxis (PARA) [Function......Page 70
2.3.53 Prepositional Complement (PC) [Function]......Page 71
2.3.58 Subject (SU) [Function]......Page 72
2.3.63 Subordinator Phrase (SUBP) [Category]......Page 73
2.4 Feature Labels......Page 74
2.5.1 Inversion......Page 81
2.5.2 Interrogative......Page 82
2.5.3 Imperative......Page 83
2.5.4 Coordination......Page 84
2.5.5 Direct Speech......Page 86
PART 2: Exploring the corpus......Page 88
3.1 First impressions......Page 89
3.2 The corpus map......Page 90
3.3 Browsing the results of queries......Page 91
3.5 Variable queries......Page 93
3.6 'Single grammatical nodey'
 queries......Page 94
3.7 Markup queries......Page 95
3.9 Text fragment queries......Page 96
3.10 Fuzzy Tree Fragment searches......Page 99
3.12 Save to disk......Page 101
3.13 Search options......Page 102
4.1 The idea of corpus exploration......Page 104
4.2 Navigating the corpus map......Page 106
4.3 Browsing single texts......Page 109
4.4 The text browser window......Page 110
4.5 Viewing word class tags......Page 118
4.6 Concordancing a query......Page 119
4.7 Displaying trees in the text......Page 121
4.8 Grammatical concordancing in ICECUP 3.1......Page 123
4.9 Displaying trees in a separate window......Page 125
4.10 Concordancing, matching and viewing trees......Page 131
4.11 Listening to speakers in the corpus......Page 133
4.12 Selecting text units in ICECUP 3.1......Page 134
5.1
 The Text Fragment query window......Page 136
5.2 Searching for words, tags and tree nodes......Page 137
5.3 Missing words and special characters......Page 140
5.4 Extending the query into the tree......Page 142
5.5 Introducing Fuzzy Tree Fragments......Page 144
5.6 An overview of commands to construct FTF s......Page 147
5.7 Creating a simple FTF......Page 148
5.8 Adding a feature and relating a word to the tree......Page 152
5.9 Moving nodes and branches......Page 159
5.10 Applying a multiple selection and setting the focus of an FTF......Page 162
5.11 Text-oriented FTF s revisited......Page 165
5.12 The geometry of FTFs......Page 170
5.13 How FTFs match against the corpus......Page 174
5.14 The FTF Creation Wizard: a tool for making FTF s from trees......Page 186
6.1 A simple examp le......Page 196
6.2 Viewing the query expression......Page 197
6.3 Modifying the logic of query combinations......Page 199
6.4 Using drag and drop to manipulate query expressions......Page 204
6.6 Logic and Fuzzy Tree Fragments......Page 208
6.7 Editing query elements......Page 210
6.8 Modifying the focus of an FTF during browsing......Page 213
6.9 Background FTF searches and the query editor......Page 215
6.10 Simplifying the query......Page 217
7.1 Introducing ICECUP 3.1......Page 222
7.2 The Lexicon......Page 225
7.3 The Grammaticon......Page 228
7.4 Statistical tables......Page 230
7.5 Lexical wild cards......Page 233
7.6 Extensions to Fuzzy Tree Fragment nodes......Page 236
7.6.2 Specifying missing features and pseudo-features......Page 240
7.6.3 Specifying sets of functions, categories and features......Page 242
7.6 4 Specifying a logical formula......Page 247
PART 3 : Performing research withthe corpus
......Page 251
8.1 Case study 1: Pretty much an adverb......Page 252
8.2 Case Study 2: Exploring the lexeme book with the lexicon......Page 256
8.3 Case Study 3: Transitivity and clause type......Page 258
8.4 Case Study 4: What size feet have you got? wh-determiners in noun phrases
......Page 263
8.5 Case Study 5: Active and passive clauses......Page 268
8.6 Case Study 6: The positions of if-clauses......Page 271
9. PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WITH A PARSED CORPUS......Page 276
9.1 What is a scientific experiment?......Page 277
9.2 What is an experimental hypothesis?......Page 278
9.3 The basic approach: constructing a contingency table......Page 281
9.4 What might significant results mean ?......Page 285
9.5.1 Relative size......Page 286
9.5.3 Chi-square contribution......Page 287
9.6.1 Have we specified the null hypothesis incorrectly......Page 288
9.6.2 Are all the relevant values listed together?......Page 289
9.6.4 Have we counted the same thing twice?......Page 291
9.7 Investigating grammatical interactions......Page 292
9.8.1 Two features within a single constituent......Page 294
9.8.2 Two features in a structure......Page 296
9.8.3 A feature and an optional constituent......Page 299
9.8.4 Footnote: dealing with overlapping cases......Page 300
PART 4: The future of the corpus......Page 303
10.1 Extending the annotation in the corpus......Page 304
10.2 Extending the expressivity of Fuzzy Tree Fragments......Page 306
10.3 Incorporating experiments in software......Page 309
10.4 Knowledge discovery in corpora......Page 314
10.5 Aiding the annotation of corpora
......Page 316
10.6 Teaching grammar with corpora......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 320
A1.1Spoken Categories......Page 326
A1.2 Written Categories......Page 327
APPENDIX2. SOURCES OF ICE-GB TEXTS......Page 328
A2.1 S1A-001toS1A-090: Direct conversations......Page 329
A2.4 S1B-021 to S1B-040: Broadcast discussions......Page 331
A2.6 S1B-051 to S1B-060: Parliamentary debates......Page 332
A2.9 S2A-001 to S2A-020: Spontaneous commentaries......Page 333
A2.10 S2A-021 to S2A-050: Unscripted speeches......Page 334
A2.12 S2A-061 to S2A-070: Legal presentations......Page 335
A2.14S2B-021 to S2B-040: Broadcast talks (scripted)......Page 336
A2.75 S2B-041 to S2B-050: Non-broadcast speeches (scripted)......Page 337
A2.18 W1B-001 to W1B-015: Social letters......Page 338
A2.19 W1B-016 to W1B-030: Business letters......Page 340
A2.20 W2A-001 to W2A-040: Academic writing......Page 343
A2.21 W2B-001 to W2B-040: Popular writing......Page 345
A2.22 W2C-001 to W2C-020: Newspaper reports......Page 346
A2.24 W2D-011 to W2D-020: Skills and hobbies......Page 348
A2.26 W2F-001 to W2F-020: Fiction......Page 349
APPENDIX 3. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL VARIABLES......Page 351
APPENDIX 4. STRUCTURAL MARKUP SYMBOLS......Page 352
APPENDIX 5. A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE ICE GRAMMAR......Page 353
APPENDIX 6. SPECIAL CHARACTERS USED IN ICE-GB......Page 356
INDEX......Page 357