Exploring Language Structure: A Student's Guide

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Figures......Page 12
Tables......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
A note on transcriptions......Page 18
Abbreviations used in grammatical glosses......Page 19
Abbreviations used in syntactic structure diagrams......Page 21
Other abbreviations......Page 22
1 Introduction to morphology and syntax......Page 25
The form–function composite......Page 27
Creativity and recursion......Page 29
Morphology and syntax......Page 31
Lexicon......Page 33
Three expression types compared......Page 35
Subtypes of lexical expression......Page 36
Classes in the lexicon......Page 38
Morphemes......Page 40
Types of morphemes......Page 41
Introduction to the exercises......Page 44
How to gloss linguistic data......Page 45
Rules......Page 47
Conceptual outline of chapter 1......Page 48
Notes......Page 54
Conceptual categories and the problem of labeling......Page 56
Derivational vs. inflectional categories......Page 61
The \"big ten\" morphological processes......Page 64
Position-class diagrams......Page 69
Process rules......Page 73
Conceptual outline of chapter 2......Page 78
Notes......Page 85
3 Morphophonemics......Page 87
Specifying the environments for morphophonemic rules......Page 91
How to pick an underlying form......Page 94
Rule ordering......Page 97
Nasal assimilation in English......Page 99
Types of morphophonemic rules......Page 102
Possession in Asheninka......Page 105
Summary of notational conventions......Page 107
Conceptual outline of chapter 3......Page 109
Notes......Page 116
4 Word classes......Page 117
Distributional properties of nouns......Page 118
Conceptual categories likely to be associated with nouns or noun phrases......Page 121
Types of nouns......Page 125
Semantic roles......Page 128
Semantically defined verb subclasses – scenes and argument structures......Page 131
States......Page 135
Position......Page 136
Factives......Page 137
Sensation......Page 138
Utterance......Page 139
Adjectives......Page 140
Adverbs......Page 141
Other word classes......Page 142
Pronouns and anaphoric clitics......Page 143
Auxiliaries......Page 146
Complementizers......Page 147
Determiners......Page 148
Particles......Page 149
Conceptual outline of chapter 4......Page 150
Notes......Page 156
5 Exploring subclasses......Page 157
Methodology......Page 158
Conceptual outline of chapter 5......Page 168
Notes......Page 174
A note about syntactic formalisms......Page 176
Syntax......Page 177
Constituency......Page 179
Hierarchical structure......Page 180
Grammaticality......Page 181
Tests for constituent structure......Page 182
Movement......Page 183
Substitution......Page 185
Coordination......Page 186
Omissibility......Page 187
Phrase structure rules......Page 189
Constituent structure trees......Page 190
Ambiguity......Page 204
Conceptual outline of chapter 6......Page 206
Notes......Page 211
7 Language typology......Page 213
Morphological typology......Page 214
Syntactic typology......Page 215
Examples of an OV and a VO language......Page 218
Pragmatic constituent order languages......Page 222
How to nalyzing the syntactic typology of a language......Page 226
Conceptual outline of chapter 7......Page 228
Note......Page 233
8 Grammatical relations......Page 234
Grammatical relations within noun phrases......Page 235
Grammatical relations in clauses......Page 236
Systems for organizing grammatical relations......Page 240
Analyzing grammatical relations systems......Page 245
Split systems......Page 247
Split intransitivity......Page 248
Split ergativity......Page 249
Conceptual outline of chapter 8......Page 253
Notes......Page 259
9 Voice and valence......Page 261
Reflexives and reciprocals......Page 265
Middle constructions......Page 270
Subject omission......Page 273
Passives......Page 274
Object demotion and omission......Page 279
Object incorporation......Page 280
Causatives......Page 282
Applicatives......Page 288
Dative shift......Page 293
Dative of interest......Page 294
Possessor raising or external possession......Page 295
Combinations of valence-related constructions......Page 296
Conceptual outline of chapter 9......Page 299
Notes......Page 310
Serial verbs......Page 312
Complement clauses......Page 315
Finite complement clauses......Page 317
Non-finite complement clauses......Page 318
Direct and indirect speech......Page 319
Adverbial clauses......Page 321
Reason and cause adverbial clauses......Page 322
Conditional clauses......Page 323
Clause chains and switch-reference......Page 324
Relative clauses......Page 325
The position of the head......Page 327
How the R-element is expressed......Page 329
Coordination......Page 333
Conceptual outline of chapter 10......Page 336
How to use this glossary......Page 344
References......Page 373
Subject and language index......Page 381