Exploring Criminal Justice the Essentials

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
About the Authors
Reviewer List
PART 1 Crime and Criminal Justice
	CHAPTER 1 The American Criminal Justice System
		Distinguishing Between Crime and Deviance
		Fighting Crime
		The Structure of the Criminal Justice System
			Law Enforcement
			Courts
			Corrections
		The Criminal Justice Process
			Law Enforcement
			Courts
			Corrections
		Perspectives on Justice
			Crime Control Model
			Due Process Model
			Restorative Justice Model
			Social Justice Model
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 2 Measuring Crime and Crime Theory
		The Uniform Crime Report
			What Is the UCR?
			Crimes Cleared by Arrest
			Crimes Cleared by Exceptional Means
			Criticisms of UCR Data
			Recent Developments
		National Crime Victimization Survey
			Criticisms of NCVS Data
			Acclaim for NCVS Data
			Do UCR and NCVS Data Match?
		Self-Report Studies
			Criticisms of Self-Report Studies
			Acclaim for Self-Report Studies
		Crime Statistics in the United States
		Criminal Offenders
			Age and Crime
			Sex and Crime
			Race and Crime
			Social Class and Crime
		Crime Victims
			Children
			Senior Citizens
			Hate Crime Victims
		Causes of Crime
			Choice Theory
			Trait Theory
			Sociological Theory
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 3 Criminal Law: The Foundation of Criminal Justice
		Common Law and the Concept of Stare Decisis
		Contemporary Sources of Criminal Law
		Conceptualizing Crime
			Seriousness of the Crime
		Elements of a Crime
			Actus Reus
			Mens Rea
			Concurrence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea
		Defenses and Responsibility
			Justifications
			Excuses
			Exemptions
		Due Process and the Rights of the Accused
			The Bill of Rights
			Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
		Wrap Up
PART 2 The Police
	CHAPTER 4 Police History and Organization
		Our English Heritage
			The Kin Police System
			The Frankpledge Police System
			The Parish-Constable Police System
			The Uniformed Police System
		American Policing
			The Origin of Organized Policing
			Growth, Brutality, and Corruption
			Building Organizations and Technology
			Specialized Units
			Testing the Reform Model
			A Quiet Revolution
		Police Systems
			Local Police
			State Police
			Federal Police
			International Police: Interpol
			Private Security Officers
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 5 Police and the Law
		Search and Seizure
			The Exclusionary Rule
			“One Arm’s Length” Rule
			Stop and Frisk
			Motor Vehicle Searches
			Plain View Doctrine
			Open Field Searches
			Consent Searches
			Abandoned Property
			Border Searches
			Electronic Surveillance
		Arrest
			Arrest Warrant
			Warrantless Arrests
			Miranda Warning
		Booking
		Line-Up
		Interrogation and Confession
			What Is a Coerced Confession?
			Can Delay Constitute Coercion?
			Do Suspects Have a Right to Counsel During Interrogation?
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 6 Critical Issues in Policing
		Police Discretion
			Legal Factors
			Nonlegal Factors
			Pros and Cons of Discretion
			Controlling Police Discretion
		Police Corruption
			Investigating Police Corruption
			The Mollen Commission
			Corrupt Police Departments
			Explaining Police Corruption
			Managing Police Corruption
		Police Use of Force
			Police Brutality
		Deadly Force
			High-Speed Pursuits
		Police Stress
		Women in Policing
		African Americans in Policing
		Latinos in Policing
		Wrap Up
PART 3 Courts
	CHAPTER 7 The Criminal Courts: Structure and Process
		History of the American Court System
			The American Revolution and Creation of State Courts
			Creation of the Federal Court System
		State Court System
			Limited Jurisdiction
			General Jurisdiction
			Appellate Jurisdiction
			Courts of Last Resort
		The Federal Court System
			U.S. Magistrate Judges
			U.S. District Courts
			U.S. Courts of Appeals
			U.S. Supreme Court
		Court Participants
			Victims
			Defendants
			Court Staff
			Judges
			Prosecutors
			Defense Attorneys
		Initial Appearance
			Timing of the Initial Appearance
			The 48-Hour Rule
		Pretrial Release
			The Purpose Behind Bail
			Bias in Pretrial Release
			Alternatives to Monetary Bail
			Preventive Detention
		The Grand Jury
		Prosecutor’s Decision to Prosecute
		Preliminary Hearings
			Format of Preliminary Hearings
			Discovery
		Entering Pleas
			Guilty Plea
			Nolo Contendere Plea
			Not Guilty Plea
			Plea of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity
		Plea Bargaining
			Types of Plea Bargains
			Who Wins with Bargained Justice?
			Who Loses with Bargained Justice?
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 8 The Trial
		Pretrial Motions
			Motion for Dismissal of Charges
			Motion for Change of Venue
			Motion for Severance of Defendants
			Motion for Severance of Charges
			Motion for Discovery
			Motion for a Bill of Particulars
			Motion for Suppression of Evidence
			Motion of Intention to Provide an Alibi
			Motion for Determination of Competency
			Motion for Continuance
		The Right to a Speedy, Public, and Fair Trial
			The Right to a Speedy Trial
			Defining the Limits of a Speedy Trial
			The Courts, the Public, and the Press
		Bench Trial Versus Jury Trial
		Trial by Jury
			Constitutional Right to a Trial by Jury
			Size of the Jury
			Jury Selection
		The Trial
			Opening Statements
			Presentation of Evidence
			The Prosecution’s Case
			The Defense’s Case
			Rebuttal and Surrebuttal
			Closing Arguments
			Judicial Instruction
			Jury Deliberations
			Judgment or Verdict
		Appeal of the Verdict
		Other Postconviction Remedies
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 9 Sentencing
		Retribution
		Deterrence
		Incapacitation
		Rehabilitation
		Restoration
		Determining Fairness in Sentences
			Proportionality
		Types of Sentences
			Intermediate Sentences
			Indeterminate Prison Sentences
			Determinate or Structured Prison Sentences
			Presumptive Sentencing
			Mandatory Sentences
			Habitual Offender Statutes
			Truth in Sentencing
			Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences
		Arriving at an Appropriate Sentence
			The Presentence Investigation Report
			The Sentencing Hearing
			The Role of the Victim in Sentencing
		Disparity and Discrimination in Sentencing
			Race and Ethnicity
			Gender
			Socioeconomic Status
			Age
		Capital Punishment
			Supreme Court Decisions
			The Death Penalty Today
			Methods of Execution
			The Capital Punishment Debate
		Appeal of Sentences
			Grounds for Appellate Review of Sentence
			The Appeal Process
		Wrap Up
PART 4 Corrections
	CHAPTER 10 Corrections History and Structure
		Early American Prisons
			The Pennsylvania Model
			The New York Model
			Criticisms of the Two Models
		Reformation of Penology
			The Mark System
			The Irish System
			The Elmira Model
		Prisons for Women
			Reform Efforts
		Rebirth of the Prison
			Prison Industry
			Work Release
			Conjugal Visits
		Modern Prisons
			Prison Security Levels
			Prison Farms and Camps
			Boot Camps
			Military Prisons
			Co-correctional Prisons
			U.S. Immigration and Customs Detainees
		The Federal Prison System
		Privatization of Correctional Services
		Jail Systems
			Colonial Jails
			Modern Jails
			New-Generation Jails
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 11 Prisons
		Prisons and Prisoners
			Classification of Prisoners
			The Changing Prison Population
			Prison Crowding
		Prison Programs
			Counseling
			Health and Medical Services
			Academic and Vocational Education
			Prison Industries
			Recreation
		Managing Prisons
			Prison Personnel
			Maintaining Discipline
		Managing Special Populations
			Inmates with HIV/AIDS
			Inmates with Mental Health Problems
			Elderly Inmates
			Inmates with Disabilities
			Juvenile Offenders
			Female Offenders
			Mothers in Prison
		Inmate Subculture
			Coping in Prison
			The Inmate Code
			Prison Gangs
			Sex in Prison
			Prison Violence
			Prison Riots
		Prisoners’ Rights
			Freedom of Religion
			Right to Privacy
			Mail and Access to the Media
			Access to Courts and Legal Services
			Protection Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
			Right to Medical Care
			Prison Conditions
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 12 Corrections in the Community
		Probation
			The Emergence of Probation
			The Rationale Behind Probation
			Probation Administration
			Eligibility for Probation
			Conditions of Probation
			Supervision of Probation
			Revocation of Probation
			Effectiveness of Probation
		Intermediate Sanctions
			Intensive Probation Supervision
			House Arrest
			Electronic Monitoring
			Day Reporting Centers
			Fines
			Forfeiture
			Restitution
			Community Service
		Restorative Justice
			Criticisms of Restorative Justice
		Parole and Other Prereleases
			Emergence of Parole
			Other Types of Release
			Parole Board
			Parole Decision Making
			Release of Sex Offenders
			Conditions of Parole
			Parole Supervision
			Revocation of Parole
			Effectiveness of Parole
		Reentry
		Wrap Up
PART 5 Special Issues
	CHAPTER 13 The Juvenile Justice System
		History of Juvenile Justice
			Origins of Juvenile Crime Control
			Juvenile Crime Control in 19th-Century America
			Creation of the Juvenile Justice System
		The Juvenile Justice Process
			Law Enforcement
			Courts
			Disposition
			Corrections
		Juvenile Offenders in the Adult Criminal Justice System
			Transfer to Criminal Courts
			Prosecution in Criminal Courts
			Sentencing the Convicted Juvenile
			Juvenile Offenders in Prison
		Life Without Parole for Juvenile Offenders
		Abolition of the Death Penalty for Juveniles
		Wrap Up
	CHAPTER 14 Terrorism and Cybercrime
		Terrorism
			Timeline of Major Terrorist Events
			The Global War on Terrorism
			Police Responses to Terrorism
			Judicial Responses to Terrorism
		Cybercrime
			Cyberterrorism
			Identity Theft
		Wrap Up
Glossary
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Index
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Notes