Exploring Biology in the Laboratory

front cover......Page 1
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 2
Geologic Time Scale......Page 3
title page......Page 4
copyright page......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 9
Safety in the Laboratory......Page 10
CHAPTER 1: The Starting Point—Understanding the Scientific Method......Page 20
 Exercise 1.1: Practicing the Scientific Method with Termites......Page 22
  Procedure 1: Termite Movement......Page 23
  Procedure 1: Goldfish Respiration Rate......Page 25
 Exercise 1.3: Reinforcing Scientific Skills with Gummy Bears......Page 29
  Procedure 1: Osmosis and Gummy Bears......Page 30
 Chapter 1 Review......Page 34
CHAPTER 2: For Good Measure—Understanding Scientific Notation and the Metric System......Page 36
  Procedure 1: Scientific Notation......Page 37
  Procedure 1: Conversions......Page 39
  Procedure 1: Length......Page 41
  Procedure 2: Mass......Page 42
  Procedure 3: Volume......Page 43
  Procedure 4: Temperature......Page 45
 Chapter 2 Review......Page 48
CHAPTER 3: The Invisible World—Understanding Microscopy......Page 50
 Exercise 3.1: Learning about Microscopy......Page 52
  Procedure 1: The Compound Microscope......Page 53
  Procedure 1: Orientation......Page 55
  Procedure 3: Distance and Diameter......Page 56
  Procedure 4: Focus and Depth......Page 57
  Procedure 5: Oil Immersion......Page 58
  Procedure 1: Wet Mounts......Page 60
  Procedure 1: Light and Magnification......Page 63
 Chapter 3 Review......Page 66
CHAPTER 4: Back to Basics—Understanding Acids, Bases, and pH......Page 68
  Procedure 1: Using Phenolphthalein......Page 71
  Procedure 2: Using pH Paper, pH Meters, and Purple Cabbage Extract......Page 72
  Procedure 1: Using Antacids......Page 75
 Chapter 4 Review......Page 76
CHAPTER 5: The Composition of Living Things—Understanding Organic Molecules......Page 78
 Exercise 5.1: Testing for Carbohydrates......Page 79
  Procedure 1: Benedict’s Test......Page 80
  Procedure 2: Iodine Test......Page 82
  Procedure 1: Grease-Spot Test......Page 85
  Procedure 2: Sudan Test......Page 87
 Exercise 5.3: Testing for Proteins......Page 89
  Procedure 1: Biuret Test......Page 90
  Procedure 1: Testing an Unknown......Page 93
 Chapter 5 Review......Page 96
CHAPTER 6: The Building Blocks of Life—Understanding Cell Structure and Function......Page 98
  Procedure 1: Cyanobacteria......Page 100
  Procedure 2: Bacteria......Page 101
  Procedure 1: Protists......Page 104
  Procedure 2: Fungi......Page 105
  Procedure 1: Representative Plant Tissues......Page 107
  Procedure 2: Elodea......Page 108
  Procedure 1: Human Epithelial Cells......Page 111
  Procedure 2: Human Bone and Neuron Cells......Page 112
 Chapter 6 Review......Page 114
CHAPTER 7: Catalysts for Change—Understanding Enzymes......Page 116
  Procedure 1: The Effect of Bromelain on Jell-O Formation......Page 118
  Procedure 3: The Effect of pH on Bromelain Activity Rate......Page 119
  Procedure 1: The Effect of Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide......Page 121
  Procedure 2: Converting Cheese into Amino Acids......Page 124
 Chapter 7 Review......Page 126
CHAPTER 8: Just Passing Through—Understanding Diffusion and Osmosis......Page 128
  Procedure 1: Simple Diffusion Exercises......Page 131
  Procedure 2: Diffusion across a Membrane......Page 132
  Procedure 1: Hypotonicity and Hypertonicity in Plant Cells......Page 134
  Procedure 2: Hypotonicity and Hypertonicity in Animal Cells......Page 135
 Chapter 8 Review......Page 138
CHAPTER 9: From Light to Energy—Understanding Photosynthesis......Page 140
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of a Leaf......Page 142
  Procedure 3: Observing Stomata and Guard Cells......Page 143
  Procedure 1: Paper Chromatography......Page 145
  Procedure 1: Uptake of Carbon Dioxide......Page 148
  Procedure 2: Oxygen Production......Page 149
  Procedure 3: Oxygen Production Rate......Page 150
 Chapter 9 Review......Page 152
CHAPTER 10: Breaking Bonds—Understanding Cellular Respiration......Page 154
  Procedure 1: Demonstrating Yeast Fermentation......Page 156
  Procedure 2: Measuring Yeast Fermentation......Page 157
  Procedure 1: Oxygen Consumption......Page 160
  Procedure 2: Carbon Dioxide Production......Page 161
 Chapter 10 Review......Page 164
CHAPTER 11: Out of One, Many—Understanding Cell Division......Page 166
 Exercise 11.1: The Cell Cycle......Page 167
  Procedure 1: Animal Mitosis......Page 169
  Procedure 2: Plant Mitosis......Page 170
  Procedure 3: Squash Mount......Page 172
 Chapter 11 Review......Page 174
CHAPTER 12: That’s Just the Half of It—Understanding Meiosis......Page 176
 Exercise 12.1: Meiosis in Animals......Page 178
  Procedure 1: Meiosis in Ascaris Ovaries......Page 179
  Procedure 2: Meiosis in Sperm Cells......Page 180
  Procedure 1: Meiosis in Lilium Anther and Ovary......Page 182
  Procedure 2: Meiosis in Gathered Flower Buds......Page 183
 Chapter 12 Review......Page 186
CHAPTER 13: It’s All in the Genes—Understanding Basic Mendelian Genetics......Page 188
  Procedure 1: Determining Genotypes and Phenotypes Using Coin Tosses......Page 190
  Procedure 1: Determining Allele Frequencies over Generations......Page 192
  Procedure 2: Effects of Selection on Allele Frequencies......Page 194
  Procedure 3: Effects of Small Population on Allele Frequencies......Page 196
  Procedure 1: Corn Inheritance......Page 200
  Procedure 1: Genetic Traits......Page 202
  Procedure 2: Partners: What a Match!......Page 204
 Exercise 13.5: Blood Groups......Page 206
  Procedure 1: Determining Blood Type and Rh Factor......Page 207
  Procedure 1: Using and Constructing Pedigrees......Page 209
 Chapter 13 Review......Page 214
CHAPTER 14: Unraveling the Double Helix—Understanding DNA and the Genetic Code......Page 216
  Procedure 1: Spooling DNA from Strawberries......Page 222
 Exercise 14.2: Solving a World War II Mystery: The Plight of the Lady Be Good......Page 224
  Procedure 1: Family Tree......Page 225
 Chapter 14 Review......Page 226
CHAPTER 15: Touching the Future—Understanding Biotechnology and Forensics......Page 228
  Procedure 1: DNA Isolation......Page 231
  Procedure 2: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis......Page 232
  Procedure 3: Who Done It?......Page 233
 Chapter 15 Review......Page 236
CHAPTER 16: Mystery of Mysteries—Understanding Evolution......Page 238
 Exercise 16.1: Adaptation Evidence......Page 240
  Procedure 1: Natural Selection for Bird Beak Shapes......Page 241
 Exercise 16.2: Paleontological Evidence......Page 243
  Procedure 1: Classifying Fossils......Page 244
  Procedure 1: Homologous and Analogous Structures......Page 248
 Exercise 16.4: Embryological Evidence......Page 250
  Procedure 1: Comparing Vertebrate Embryos......Page 251
  Procedure 1: Biochemistry......Page 252
 Chapter 16 Review......Page 254
CHAPTER 17: Making Sense of Diversity—Understanding Classification......Page 256
  Procedure 1: Using a Key for Dinosaurs and Creating a Key for Insects......Page 260
 Exercise 17.2: Constructing a Cladogram......Page 264
  Procedure 1: A Simple Cladogram......Page 265
 Chapter 17 Review......Page 268
CHAPTER 18: On the Edge of Life—Understanding Viruses......Page 270
  Procedure 1: Transmission......Page 274
 Chapter 18 Review......Page 276
CHAPTER 19: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly—Understanding Bacteria......Page 278
  Procedure 1: Using Oil Immersion with Bacteria......Page 283
  Procedure 1: Using Gram Stain......Page 285
  Procedure 1: Bacteria......Page 287
  Procedure 1: Antibiotics and Bacterial Growth......Page 290
  Procedure 1: Bioluminescent Organisms......Page 292
 Chapter 19 Review......Page 294
CHAPTER 20: This Fine Mess—Understanding the Protists......Page 296
  Procedure 1: Pond Water......Page 298
  Procedure 2: Hay Infusion......Page 299
  Procedure 3: Photosynthetic Protists......Page 300
  Procedure 1: Observing Volvox......Page 301
  Procedure 2: Observing Spirogyra......Page 302
  Procedure 3: Observing Diatoms......Page 303
  Procedure 4: Observing Polysiphonia......Page 305
  Procedure 5: Observing Euglena......Page 306
  Procedure 1: Observing Plasmodial Slime Molds......Page 308
  Procedure 2: Observing Saprolegnia......Page 309
 Exercise 20.4: Animallike (Heterotrophic) Protists......Page 311
  Procedure 1: Observing Amoebas and Amoeba-Like Protists......Page 312
  Procedure 2: Observing Flagellates......Page 316
  Procedure 3: Observing Ciliates......Page 318
  Procedure 4: Observing Apicomplexans......Page 322
 Chapter 20 Review......Page 326
CHAPTER 21: The Green Machine—Understanding the Nonvascular Plants......Page 328
 Exercise 21.1: Phylum Hepatophyta......Page 331
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Marchantia......Page 332
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Marchantia......Page 333
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Anthoceros......Page 336
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Anthoceros......Page 337
 Exercise 21.3: Phylum Bryophyta......Page 339
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Polytrichum......Page 340
  Procedure 3: Sphagnum and Water Absorption......Page 341
 Chapter 21 Review......Page 344
CHAPTER 22: The Green Machine—Understanding the Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 346
 Exercise 22.1: Phylum Lycophyta......Page 348
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Lycopodium......Page 349
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Lycopodium......Page 350
  Procedure 3: Macroanatomy of Selaginella......Page 351
  Procedure 4: Microanatomy of Selaginella......Page 352
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Psilotum......Page 354
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Psilotum......Page 355
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Equisetum......Page 358
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Equisetum......Page 360
  Procedure3: Calamites Fossils......Page 362
 Exercise 22.4: Phylum Pterophyta......Page 363
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Ferns......Page 365
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Ferns......Page 367
  Procedure 3: Bringing Polypodium Ferns Back to Life......Page 369
 Chapter 22 Review......Page 370
CHAPTER 23: The Green Machine—Understanding the Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)......Page 372
 Exercise 23.1: Phylum Cycadophyta......Page 375
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Cycas......Page 376
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Cycas......Page 378
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Ginkgo biloba......Page 381
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Ginkgo biloba......Page 383
 Exercise 23.3: Phylum Gnetophyta......Page 385
 Exercise 23.4: Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinophyta)......Page 386
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Conifers......Page 387
  Procedure 2: Macroanatomy of Conifer Cones......Page 388
  Procedure 3: Microanatomy of Conifer Cones......Page 390
  Procedure 4: Conifer Seed Germination......Page 393
  Procedure 5: Macroanatomy of Conifer Needles and Leaves......Page 394
  Procedure 6: Microanatomy of Conifer Needles and Leaves......Page 395
  Procedure 7: Microanatomy of Conifer Stems......Page 396
  Procedure 8: Conifer Stem Aging......Page 398
 Chapter 23 Review......Page 402
CHAPTER 24: The Green Machine—Understanding the Seed Plants (Angiosperms)......Page 404
 Exercise 24.1: Phylum Magnoliophyta......Page 407
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Basal Dicots, Eudicots, and Monocots......Page 409
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Basal Dicots, Eudicots, and Monocots......Page 412
 Exercise 24.2: Flowers......Page 414
  Procedure 1: Flower Dissection......Page 417
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of the Flower......Page 419
 Exercise 24.3: Fruits......Page 422
  Procedure 1: Fruit Dissection......Page 425
 Exercise 24.4: Seeds......Page 427
  Procedure 2: Macroanatomy of Seeds......Page 429
  Procedure 3: Microanatomy of Seeds......Page 430
  Procedure 4: Germination of Angiosperms......Page 431
 Chapter 24 Review......Page 434
CHAPTER 25: The Green Machine—Understanding Roots, Stems, and Leaves......Page 438
 Exercise 25.1: Plant Histology......Page 439
  Procedure 1: Microanatomy of Stems and Roots......Page 441
 Exercise 25.2: Roots......Page 445
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Roots......Page 447
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Roots......Page 448
 Exercise 25.3: Stems......Page 452
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Stems......Page 454
  Procedure 2: Stem Modifications......Page 455
  Procedure 3: Microanatomy of Stems......Page 456
 Exercise 25.4: Leaves......Page 458
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Leaves......Page 459
  Procedure 2: Leaf Classification......Page 460
  Procedure 3: Microanatomy of Leaves......Page 464
  Procedure 4: Macroanatomy of Specialized Leaves......Page 466
 Chapter 25 Review......Page 468
CHAPTER 26: There’s a Fungus among Us—Understanding Fungi......Page 472
  Procedure 1: Microanatomy of Chytrids......Page 474
 Exercise 26.2: Phylum Zygomycota......Page 476
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Rhizopus stolonifer......Page 477
  Procedure 1: Microanatomy of Mycorrhizae......Page 479
 Exercise 26.4: Phylum Ascomycota......Page 481
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Ascomycetes......Page 483
  Procedure 3: Microanatomy of Yeast......Page 486
 Exercise 26.5: Phylum Basidiomycota......Page 487
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Basidiomycetes......Page 489
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Basidiomycetes......Page 490
 Exercise 26.6: Lichens......Page 493
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Lichens......Page 494
 Chapter 26 Review......Page 498
CHAPTER 27: From the Skin—In Understanding Basic Animal Tissues......Page 500
 Exercise 27.1: Epithelial Tissue......Page 501
  Procedure 1: Identifying Epithelial Tissues......Page 503
 Exercise 27.2: Connective Tissue......Page 506
  Procedure 1: Identifying Connective Tissues......Page 509
 Exercise 27.3: Muscular Tissue......Page 512
  Procedure 1: Identifying Muscle Tissues......Page 513
 Exercise 27.4: Nervous Tissue......Page 515
  Procedure 1: Identifying Nervous Tissues......Page 516
 Chapter 27 Review......Page 518
CHAPTER 28: Animal Planet—Understanding Creatures from the Sea......Page 520
 Exercise 28.1: Phylum Porifera......Page 524
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Classes Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Hexactinellida......Page 526
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Classes Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Hexactinellida......Page 527
 Exercise 28.2: Phylum Cnidaria......Page 531
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa......Page 534
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Classes Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa......Page 539
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Class Tentaculata......Page 543
 Chapter 28 Review......Page 546
CHAPTER 29: Animal Planet—Understanding the Lophotrochozoans......Page 550
 Exercise 29.1: Phylum Platyhelminthes......Page 553
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Classes Turbellaria, Cestoda, and Trematoda......Page 557
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Classes Turbellaria, Cestoda, and Trematoda......Page 558
  Procedure 3: Regeneration of Dugesia......Page 563
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy......Page 566
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy......Page 567
 Exercise 29.3: Phylum Mollusca......Page 569
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Classes Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and Bivalvia......Page 572
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Class Gastropoda......Page 574
  Procedure 3: Clam Dissection......Page 576
  Procedure 4: Squid Dissection......Page 578
 Exercise 29.4: Phylum Annelida......Page 582
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Classes Polychaeta, Hirudinea, and Oligochaeta......Page 584
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Classes Polychaeta and Oligochaeta......Page 587
  Procedure 3: Earthworm Dissection......Page 588
 Chapter 29 Review......Page 592
CHAPTER 30: Animal Planet—Understanding the Ecdysozoans......Page 596
 Exercise 30.1: Phylum Nematoda......Page 599
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Ascaris......Page 601
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Ascaris......Page 604
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Class Merostomata......Page 608
  Procedure 2: Macroanatomy of Class Arachnida......Page 609
 Exercise 30.3: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Myriapoda......Page 612
  Procedure 1: Comparison of Centipedes and Millipedes......Page 613
 Exercise 30.4: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea......Page 614
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Class Malacostraca......Page 616
  Procedure 2: Crayfish Dissection......Page 618
 Exercise 30.5: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Hexapoda......Page 622
  Procedure 1: Grasshopper Dissection......Page 625
 Chapter 30 Review......Page 628
CHAPTER 31: Animal Planet—Understanding the Deuterostomes......Page 632
 Exercise 31.1: Phylum Echinodermata......Page 634
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Classes Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea......Page 635
  Procedure 2: Sea Star Dissection......Page 638
 Exercise 31.2: Phylum Hemichordata and the “Invertebrates” of Phylum Chordata......Page 640
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Phylum Hemichordata and Phylum Chordata,Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata......Page 641
  Procedure 2: Microanatomy of Phylum Chordata, Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata......Page 643
 Exercise 31.3: Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)......Page 646
  Procedure 1: Macroanatomy of Hagfishes and Lampreys......Page 648
  Procedure 2: Macroanatomy of Fishes......Page 651
  Procedure 3: Macroanatomy of Amphibians......Page 656
  Procedure 4: Macroanatomy of Reptiles......Page 660
  Procedure 5: Macroanatomy of Birds......Page 665
  Procedure 6: Macroanatomy of Mammals......Page 668
 Chapter 31 Review......Page 672
CHAPTER 32: The Cutting Edge—Understanding Vertebrate Dissections......Page 676
  Procedure 1: Bullfrog Dissection......Page 677
  Procedure 2: Fetal Pig Dissection......Page 681
 Chapter 32 Review......Page 690
CHAPTER 33: Homo sapiens—Understanding the Structure of the Human Body......Page 692
  Procedure 1: Fingerprinting......Page 694
 Exercise 33.2: Skeletal System......Page 696
  Procedure 1: Labeling the Human Skeleton......Page 697
  Procedure 1: Joint Movements......Page 703
 Exercise 33.4: Muscular System......Page 705
  Procedure 1: Labeling the Superficial Muscles of the Human Body......Page 706
 Chapter 33 Review......Page 712
CHAPTER 34: Homo sapiens—Understanding the Nervous System and Special Senses......Page 714
 Exercise 34.1: Regions of the Human Brain......Page 715
  Procedure 1: Sheep Brain Dissection......Page 717
  Procedure 1: Olfaction......Page 721
  Procedure 2: Gustation......Page 722
 Exercise 34.3: Special Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium......Page 725
  Procedure 1: Hearing Acuity Test......Page 726
  Procedure 2: Conductive and Sensorineural Hearing Tests......Page 727
  Procedure 3: Equilibrium Test......Page 728
 Exercise 34.4: Special Sense of Vision......Page 729
  Procedure 1: Snellen Test of Visual Acuity......Page 730
  Procedure 2: Color Vision Test......Page 731
  Procedure 4: Blind-Spot Test......Page 732
  Procedure 1: Sheep Eye Dissection......Page 734
  Procedure 1: Two-Point Discrimination Test (Optional)......Page 736
 Chapter 34 Review......Page 738
CHAPTER 35: Homo sapiens—Understanding the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems......Page 740
 Exercise 35.1: Cardiovascular System......Page 742
  Procedure 1: Sheep Heart Dissection......Page 744
  Procedure 1: Listening to the Heart......Page 747
  Procedure 2: Measuring the Pulse......Page 748
  Procedure 3: Measuring Blood Pressure......Page 749
  Procedure 1: Labeling the Respiratory System......Page 752
  Procedure 2: Listening to the Lungs......Page 753
 Chapter 35 Review......Page 756
CHAPTER 36: Homo sapiens—Understanding Other Systems of the Body......Page 758
 Exercise 36.1: Endocrine System......Page 759
  Procedure 1: Labeling the Endocrine System......Page 760
 Exercise 36.2: Digestive System......Page 762
  Procedure 1: Amylase in Action in the Digestive System......Page 763
  Procedure 1: Labeling the Urinary System......Page 765
  Procedure 1: Labeling the Female Reproductive System......Page 767
  Procedure 2: Labeling the Male Reproductive System......Page 769
 Chapter 36 Review......Page 772
CHAPTER 37: Womb with a View—Understanding Embryology......Page 776
  Procedure 1: Sea Star Development......Page 779
  Procedure 2: Chick Development......Page 780
  Procedure 1: Chick Embryos......Page 784
 Chapter 37 Review......Page 788
CHAPTER 38: Acting It Out—Understanding Animal Behavior......Page 790
  Procedure 1: Building an Ethogram......Page 792
  Procedure 1: Taxis in Brine Shrimp......Page 795
  Procedure 1: Kinesis in Pill Bugs......Page 797
  Procedure 1: Agonistic Behavior in Male Siamese Fighting Fish......Page 799
 Chapter 38 Review......Page 804
Chapter 39: But One Earth—Understanding Basic Ecology......Page 806
 Exercise 39.1: Investigating Local Ecosystems......Page 808
  Procedure 1: Local Ecosystems......Page 810
 Exercise 39.2: Observing Ecological Succession......Page 814
  Procedure 1: Ecological Succession......Page 815
  Procedure 1: Endangered and Threatened Species......Page 817
  Procedure 2: Invasive Species......Page 818
 Exercise 39.4: Effects of Oil as a Pollutant......Page 820
  Procedure 1: Oil Dispersant in Water......Page 821
  Procedure 2: Oil and Feathers......Page 823
  Procedure 3: Oil and Radish Seeds......Page 824
  Procedure 4: Oil and Brine Shrimp......Page 825
 Chapter 39 Review......Page 828
APPENDIX: Digital Field Trips......Page 830
 Exercise A.1: Exploring Plant Diversity......Page 833
 Exercise A.2: Roots, Stems, and Leaves......Page 834
 Exercise A.3: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds......Page 835
 Exercise A.5: Poriferans, Cnidarians, and Lophotrochozoans, Oh My!......Page 836
 Exercise A.6: Ecdysozoans......Page 837
 Exercise A.7: Deuterostomes......Page 838
 Exercise A.8: Ecological Trip......Page 839
Photo Credits......Page 840
Index......Page 842