Exploring anatomy & physiology in the laboratory

front cover......Page 1
title page......Page 2
copyright page......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Pronunciation Guide......Page 12
UNIT 1: Introduction to Anatomical Terms......Page 26
 Pre-Lab Exercise 1-1: Key Terms......Page 28
 Pre-Lab Exercise 1-2: Body Cavities......Page 29
 Exercise 1-1: Anatomical Position......Page 30
 Exercise 1-2: Directional Terms......Page 31
 Exercise 1-3: Regional Terms......Page 34
 Exercise 1-4: Body Cavities and Membranes......Page 38
 Exercise 1-5: Planes of Section......Page 46
 Exercise 1-6: Organs and Organ Systems......Page 49
 Check Your Recall......Page 54
 Check Your Understanding......Page 58
UNIT 2: Chemistry......Page 62
 Pre-Lab Exercise 2-1: Key Terms......Page 63
 Pre-Lab Exercise 2-2: The pH Scale and –logarithms......Page 64
 Pre-Lab Exercise 2-3: Chemical Bonding......Page 65
 Exercise 2-1: pH, Acids, and Bases......Page 68
 Exercise 2-2: Buffers......Page 71
 Exercise 2-3: Enzymes and Chemical Reactions......Page 72
 Exercise 2-4: Chemical Solubilities......Page 74
 Exercise 2-5: DNA Extraction......Page 78
 Check Your Recall......Page 80
 Check Your Understanding......Page 82
UNIT 3: Introduction to the Microscope......Page 84
 Exercise 3-1: Introduction to the Microscope......Page 85
UNIT 4: Cytology......Page 94
 Pre-Lab Exercise 4-1: Key Terms......Page 95
 Pre-Lab Exercise 4-2: The Plasma Membrane......Page 97
 Pre-Lab Exercise 4-3: The Parts of the Cell......Page 98
 Pre-Lab Exercise 4-4: The Cell Cycle......Page 99
 Exercise 4-1: Organelles and Cell Structures......Page 100
 Exercise 4-2: Diffusion......Page 106
 Exercise 4-3: Osmosis and Tonicity......Page 109
 Exercise 4-4: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle......Page 113
 Check Your Recall......Page 118
 Check Your Understanding......Page 120
UNIT 5: Histology......Page 122
 Pre-Lab Exercise 5-1: Key Terms......Page 124
 Exercise 5-1: Epithelial Tissue......Page 128
 Exercise 5-2: Connective Tissue......Page 136
 Exercise 5-3: Muscle Tissue......Page 146
 Exercise 5-4: Nervous Tissue......Page 150
 Exercise 5-5: Organology......Page 151
 Check Your Recall......Page 152
 Check Your Understanding......Page 156
UNIT 6: Integumentary System......Page 158
 Pre-Lab Exercise 6-1: Key Terms......Page 159
 Pre-Lab Exercise 6-2: Skin Anatomy......Page 160
 Pre-Lab Exercise 6-3: Hair and Nail Anatomy......Page 161
 Exercise 6-1: Skin Anatomy and Accessory Structures......Page 162
 Exercise 6-2: Histology of Integument......Page 167
 Exercise 6-3: Touch Receptor Distribution......Page 170
 Exercise 6-4: Fingerprinting......Page 171
 Check Your Recall......Page 174
 Check Your Understanding......Page 176
UNIT 7: Introduction to the Skeletal System......Page 178
 Pre-Lab Exercise 7-1: Key Terms......Page 180
 Pre-Lab Exercise 7-2: Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone......Page 182
 Pre-Lab Exercise 7-3: Structure of a Long Bone......Page 183
 Exercise 7-1: Histology of Osseous Tissue......Page 184
 Exercise 7-2: Chemical Components of Bone Tissue......Page 188
 Exercise 7-3: Bone Markings and Bone Shapes......Page 189
 Exercise 7-4: Anatomy of Long Bones......Page 191
 Check Your Recall......Page 194
 Check Your Understanding......Page 196
UNIT 8: Skeletal System......Page 198
 Pre-Lab Exercise 8-1: Key Terms......Page 199
 Pre-Lab Exercise 8-2: Bones of the Skull......Page 200
 Pre-Lab Exercise 8-3: Whole Skeleton......Page 202
 Exercise 8-1: The Skull......Page 205
 Exercise 8-2: Remainder of the Axial Skeleton......Page 216
 Exercise 8-3: The Appendicular Skeleton......Page 221
 Exercise 8-4: More Practice......Page 232
 Check Your Recall......Page 238
 Check Your Understanding......Page 248
UNIT 9: Articulations......Page 250
 Pre-Lab Exercise 9-1: Key Terms......Page 251
 Pre-Lab Exercise 9-2: Anatomy of Synovial Joints......Page 253
 Pre-Lab Exercise 9-3: The Knee Joint......Page 254
 Pre-Lab Exercise 9-4: The Shoulder Joint......Page 255
 Exercise 9-1: Classification of Joints......Page 256
 Exercise 9-2: Synovial Joints......Page 260
 Exercise 9-3: Knee Joint......Page 263
 Exercise 9-4: Shoulder Joint......Page 266
 Exercise 9-5: Motions of Synovial and Cartilaginous Joints......Page 268
 Check Your Recall......Page 272
 Check Your Understanding......Page 276
UNIT 10: Muscular System: The Gross Anatomy of Muscles......Page 278
 Pre-Lab Exercise 10-1: Key Terms......Page 279
 Pre-Lab Exercise 10-2: Skeletal Muscle Anatomy......Page 280
 Pre-Lab Exercise 10-3: Muscle Origins, Insertions, and Actions......Page 284
 Exercise 10-1: Skeletal Muscles......Page 286
 Exercise 10-2: Muscle Origins, Insertions, and Actions......Page 301
 Check Your Recall......Page 306
 Check Your Understanding......Page 312
UNIT 11: Muscle Tissue......Page 314
 Pre-Lab Exercise 11-1: Key Terms......Page 315
 Pre-Lab Exercise 11-2: Basic Skeletal Muscle Anatomy......Page 317
 Pre-Lab Exercise 11-3: Muscle Fiber Microanatomy......Page 318
 Pre-Lab Exercise 11-4: Types of Muscle Tissue......Page 319
 Exercise 11-1: Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue......Page 320
 Exercise 11-2: Muscle Physiology......Page 326
 Exercise 11-3: Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Tissues......Page 330
 Check Your Recall......Page 332
 Check Your Understanding......Page 336
UNIT 12: Introduction to the Nervous System......Page 338
 Pre-Lab Exercise 12-1: Key Terms......Page 340
 Pre-Lab Exercise 12-2: Nervous Tissue Microanatomy......Page 341
 Exercise 12-1: Neurons and Neuroglia......Page 342
 Exercise 12-2: Nervous Tissue Physiology......Page 349
 Check Your Recall......Page 352
 Check Your Understanding......Page 356
UNIT 13: Central Nervous System......Page 358
 Pre-Lab Exercise 13-1: Key Terms......Page 359
 Pre-Lab Exercise 13-2: Brain Anatomy......Page 361
 Pre-Lab Exercise 13-3: Spinal Cord Anatomy......Page 363
 Exercise 13-1: Anatomy of the Brain......Page 364
 Exercise 13-2: The Spinal Cord......Page 374
 Check Your Recall......Page 378
 Check Your Understanding......Page 382
UNIT 14: Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System......Page 384
 Pre-Lab Exercise 14-1: Key Terms......Page 386
 Pre-Lab Exercise 14-2: Peripheral Nerve Anatomy......Page 387
 Pre-Lab Exercise 14-3: Cranial Nerve Functions......Page 388
 Pre-Lab Exercise 14-4: Spinal Nerve Plexuses and the Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves......Page 389
 Pre-Lab Exercise 14-5: Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves: Locations and Functions......Page 390
 Pre-Lab Exercise 14-6: Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 391
 Exercise 14-1: Peripheral Nerve Anatomy......Page 392
 Exercise 14-2: The Cranial Nerves......Page 394
 Exercise 14-3: Spinal Nerves and Reflexes......Page 400
 Exercise 14-4: The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 406
 Check Your Recall......Page 408
 Check Your Understanding......Page 412
UNIT 15: General and Special Senses......Page 414
 Pre-Lab Exercise 15-1: Key Terms......Page 415
 Pre-Lab Exercise 15-2: Anatomy of the Eye......Page 417
 Pre-Lab Exercise 15-3: Extrinsic Eye Muscles......Page 418
 Pre-Lab Exercise 15-4: Anatomy of the Ear......Page 419
 Exercise 15-1: Anatomy of the Eye and Vision......Page 420
 Exercise 15-2: Anatomy of the Ear, Hearing, and Equilibrium......Page 428
 Exercise 15-3: Olfactory and Taste Senses......Page 433
 Exercise 15-4: The General Senses: Cutaneous Sensation......Page 435
 Check Your Recall......Page 438
 Check Your Understanding......Page 442
UNIT 16: Endocrine System......Page 444
 Pre-Lab Exercise 16-1: Key Terms......Page 445
 Pre-Lab Exercise 16-2: Endocrine System Anatomy......Page 447
 Pre-Lab Exercise 16-3: Hormones: Target Tissues and Effects......Page 448
 Exercise 16-1: Endocrine System Anatomy......Page 450
 Exercise 16-2: Endocrine Organ Histology......Page 455
 Exercise 16-3: Time to Trace! Negative Feedback Loops......Page 458
 Exercise 16-4: Endocrine “Mystery Cases”......Page 460
 Check Your Recall......Page 464
 Check Your Understanding......Page 468
UNIT 17: Cardiovascular System—Part I: The Heart......Page 470
 Pre-Lab Exercise 17-1: Key Terms......Page 471
 Pre-Lab Exercise 17-2: Anatomy of the Thoracic Cavity......Page 472
 Pre-Lab Exercise 17-3: Anatomy of the Heart......Page 473
 Pre-Lab Exercise 17-4: Pathway of Blood Flow through the Heart......Page 475
 Exercise 17-1: Anatomy of the Heart......Page 476
 Exercise 17-2: Cardiac Muscle Histology......Page 487
 Check Your Recall......Page 488
 Check Your Understanding......Page 492
UNIT 18: Cardiovascular System—Part II: Blood Vessel Anatomy......Page 494
 Pre-Lab Exercise 18-1: Arterial Anatomy......Page 496
 Pre-Lab Exercise 18-2: Venous Anatomy......Page 497
 Exercise 18-1: Major Arteries of the Body......Page 498
 Exercise 18-2: Major Veins of the Body......Page 503
 Exercise 18-3: Time to Trace!......Page 511
 Exercise 18-4: Histology of the Blood Vessel Wall......Page 516
 Exercise 18-5: Clinical Applications......Page 519
 Check Your Recall......Page 522
 Check Your Understanding......Page 528
UNIT 19: Cardiovascular System—Part III: Cardiovascular Physiology......Page 530
 Pre-Lab Exercise 19-1: Key Terms......Page 531
 Pre-Lab Exercise 19-2: Autonomic Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System......Page 533
 Exercise 19-1: Heart Auscultation......Page 534
 Exercise 19-2: Vascular Examination......Page 536
 Exercise 19-3: Blood Pressure......Page 538
 Exercise 19-4: The Ankle–Brachial Index......Page 541
 Exercise 19-5: The Electrocardiogram......Page 543
 Check Your Recall......Page 548
 Check Your Understanding......Page 552
UNIT 20: Blood......Page 554
 Pre-Lab Exercise 20-1: Key Terms......Page 555
 Pre-Lab Exercise 20-2: Formed Elements......Page 557
 Exercise 20-1: Formed Elements (Cells) of Blood......Page 558
 Exercise 20-2: ABO and Rh Blood Groups......Page 562
 Exercise 20-3: Murder Mystery Game......Page 565
 Exercise 20-4: Blood Donation......Page 568
 Exercise 20-5: Typing and Examining Your Own Blood......Page 571
 Check Your Recall......Page 574
 Check Your Understanding......Page 576
UNIT 21: Lymphatics and Immunity......Page 578
 Pre-Lab Exercise 21-1: Key Terms......Page 579
 Pre-Lab Exercise 21-2: Anatomy of the Lymphatic System......Page 581
 Exercise 21-1: Lymphatic System Anatomy......Page 582
 Exercise 21-2: Lymphatic Organ Histology......Page 588
 Exercise 21-3: The Immune Response......Page 592
 Exercise 21-4: ELISA Test for Antigens......Page 595
 Check Your Recall......Page 598
 Check Your Understanding......Page 602
UNIT 22: Respiratory System Anatomy......Page 604
 Pre-Lab Exercise 22-1: Key Terms......Page 605
 Pre-Lab Exercise 22-2: Respiratory System Anatomy......Page 607
 Exercise 22-1: Respiratory System Anatomy......Page 610
 Exercise 22-2: Histology of the Respiratory Tract......Page 618
 Exercise 22-3: Lung Inflation......Page 622
 Check Your Recall......Page 624
 Check Your Understanding......Page 628
UNIT 23: Respiratory System Physiology......Page 630
 Pre-Lab Exercise 23-1: Key Terms......Page 631
 Pre-Lab Exercise 23-2: Defining Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 632
 Pre-Lab Exercise 23-3: Labeling Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 633
 Exercise 23-1: Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs......Page 634
 Exercise 23-2: Measuring Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 636
 Exercise 23-3: pH and Ventilation......Page 640
 Check Your Recall......Page 642
 Check Your Understanding......Page 644
UNIT 24: Digestive System......Page 646
 Pre-Lab Exercise 24-1: Key Terms......Page 647
 Pre-Lab Exercise 24-2: Anatomy of the Digestive System......Page 649
 Pre-Lab Exercise 24-3: Digestive Enzymes......Page 653
 Exercise 24-1: Digestive System Anatomy......Page 654
 Exercise 24-2: Digestive System Histology......Page 666
 Exercise 24-3: Digestion......Page 674
 Exercise 24-4: Time to Trace!......Page 680
 Check Your Recall......Page 682
 Check Your Understanding......Page 686
UNIT 25: Urinary System Anatomy......Page 688
 Pre-Lab Exercise 25-1: Key Terms......Page 689
 Pre-Lab Exercise 25-2: Structures of the Urinary System......Page 691
 Pre-Lab Exercise 25-3: Microanatomy of the Kidney......Page 693
 Exercise 25-1: Urinary System Anatomy......Page 694
 Exercise 25-2: Urinary Organ Histology......Page 705
 Check Your Recall......Page 708
 Check Your Understanding......Page 712
UNIT 26: Urinary System Physiology......Page 714
 Pre-Lab Exercise 26-1: Key Terms......Page 715
 Pre-Lab Exercise 26-2: Nephron Structure and Function......Page 716
 Pre-Lab Exercise 26-3: Glomerular Filtration and Tubular Reabsorption......Page 717
 Exercise 26-1: The Model Kidney......Page 720
 Exercise 26-2: Urinalysis......Page 722
 Exercise 26-3: Time to Trace!......Page 725
 Check Your Recall......Page 728
 Check Your Understanding......Page 730
UNIT 27: Reproductive System......Page 732
 Pre-Lab Exercise 27-1: Key Terms......Page 733
 Pre-Lab Exercise 27-2: Male Reproductive Anatomy......Page 735
 Pre-Lab Exercise 27-3: Female Reproductive Anatomy......Page 736
 Pre-Lab Exercise 27-4: Stages of Mitosis......Page 737
 Exercise 27-1: Male Reproductive Anatomy......Page 738
 Exercise 27-2: Female Reproductive Anatomy......Page 742
 Exercise 27-3: Meiosis......Page 745
 Exercise 27-4: Histology of the Reproductive System......Page 748
 Check Your Recall......Page 756
 Check Your Understanding......Page 760
UNIT 28: Human Development and Heredity......Page 762
 Pre-Lab Exercise 28-1: Key Terms......Page 763
 Pre-Lab Exercise 28-2: Fetal Membranes......Page 764
 Pre-Lab Exercise 28-3: Fetal Cardiovascular Anatomy......Page 765
 Exercise 28-1: Fertilization and Implantation......Page 766
 Exercise 28-2: Embryogenesis, Fetal Development, and Fetal Cardiovascular Anatomy......Page 768
 Exercise 28-3: Heredity......Page 771
 Check Your Recall......Page 778
 Check Your Understanding......Page 782
UNIT 29: The Big Picture of Human Anatomy and Physiology......Page 784
 Exercise 29-1: Physiological Connections......Page 785
 Exercise 29-2: Tracing—The Big Picture......Page 788
Photo Credits......Page 792
Index......Page 794