Exploring a Terra Incognita on Crete: Recent Research on Bronze Age Habitation in the Southern Ierapetra Isthmus

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	Figure 1.1. Topographical map of the Ierapetra Isthmus and the neighboring regions with the sites mentioned in the text: (1) Chalepa, (2) Sphoungaras, (3) Gournia, (4) Vasiliki Kephali, (5) Vasiliki Kephala, (6) Monastiraki Katalimata, (7) Gournia Survey 	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=2	Figure 1.2. Topographical map of the Ierapetra Isthmus with the LN and FN I sites mentioned in the text: (1) Vasiliki Kephali, (2) Vasiliki Kephala, (3) Chalepa, (4) Sphoungaras, (5) Aphrodite's Kephali, (6) Kavousi Survey Site 24, (7) Azoria, (8) Monasti	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=4	Figure 1.3. Late Neolithic and/or FN I pottery from: Chalepa (1), Azoria (2, 3, 12), Vasiliki Kephali (4–6), Monastiraki Katalimata (7–11). Drawings K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=6	Figure 1.4. Late Neolithic and/or FN I pottery from: Monastiraki Katalimata (1–12). Drawings K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=6	Figure 1.5. View of the Ierapetra Isthmus from the east: (1) Vasiliki Kephali, (2) Vasiliki Kephala, (3) Aphrodite's Kephali, (4) Prophetes Elias North Spur, (5) Anatoli Pandotinou Koriphi, (6) Chalepa, (7) Sphoungaras. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=8	Figure 1.6. Final Neolithic I and FN II pottery from: Anatoli Pandotinou Koriphi (1–11), Prophetes Elias North Spur (12), Azoria (13), Chryssi Belegrina (14). Drawings K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=9	Figure 1.7. Final Neolithic I site on a rocky ridge above Pano Chorio from the south. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=11	Figure 1.8. Final Neolithic I and FN II pottery from: Vaïnia Stavromenos (1–21). Drawings K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=12	Figure 1.9. Vaïnia Stavromenos from the north. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=15	Figure 1.10. Vaïnia Stavromenos from the east. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=16	Figure 1.11. View of the pass near Episkopi looking south: (1) Aphrodite's Kephali, (2) Prophetes Elias North Spur. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=17	Figure 1.12. View of the northern part of the Ierapetra Isthmus looking northwest: (1) Vasiliki Kephala, (2) Vasiliki Kephali, (3) Chalepa. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=17	Figure 1.13. Topographical map of the Ierapetra Isthmus with FN II and early EM I sites: (S1) Vaïnia Stavromenos, (S2) Prophetes Elias North Spur, (S3) Panagia Paplinou Rousso Charakas, (N1) Vasiliki Kephala, (N2) Aphrodite’s Kephali, (N3) Chalepa, (N4) F	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=19	Figure 1.14. View of the central and northern part of the Ierapetra Isthmus looking north: (1) Aphrodite's Kephali, (2) Vasiliki Kephala. Photo K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=20	Figure 1.15. Topographical map of the area east and north of Vaïnia. Final Neolithic and early EM I site on Stavromenos (A–C), Late EM I to EM II site on the hill north of Vaïnia village (D). Drawing K. Nowicki.	file://ETI_Ch1.pdf#page=22	Figure 2.1. Topographical map of the isthmus of Ierapetra. Contour interval 100 m. After Betancourt 2013, 5, fig. 1.3.	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=2	Figure 2.2. View of the village of Pacheia Ammos and the northern terminus of the isthmus of Ierapetra taken from the hill of Alatzomouri, looking east. Photo P.P. Betancourt. 	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=3	Figure 2.4. The isthmus of Ierapetra and the Libyan Sea as seen from Aphrodite’s Kephali, looking south. Photo P.P. Betancourt. 	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=3	Figure 2.5. Plan showing a partial restoration of the fort. Surviving parts are black, restoration is dotted, surviving architectural features are drawn in outline. After Betancourt 2013, 72, fig. 7.19.	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=4	Figure 2.6. Plan of the small building at the southern end of the hill. Betancourt 2013, 64, fig. 7.7.	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=5	Figure 2.7. Selection of pottery from Aphrodite’s Kephali with comparable pieces from other sites: (a) Aphrodite’s Kephali (Betancourt 2013, 89, 90, nos. 54, 67), (b) tankard from Lebena (after Warren 2004, 106, fig. 30:437), (c) Aphrodite’s Kephali (Beta	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=7	Figure 2.8. Pithos from Aphrodite’s Kephali (restored ht. 74.6 cm). Betancourt 2013, 92–94, cat. no. 77, frontispiece, fig. 8.6).	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=8	Figure 2.9. Fragments of three pithoi from Aphrodite’s Kephali (Betancourt 2013, 95, 97, figs. 8.7:80, 8.8:81, 82): (a) cat. no. 80, d. of rim ca. 54 cm, (b) cat. no. 81, d. of base 42 cm, (c) cat. no. 82, d. of body ca. 78–80 cm.	file://ETI_Ch2.pdf#page=8	Figure 3.1. Plan of Myrtos Pyrgos showing the trenches and excavated archaeological features mentioned in the text. Drawing courtesy G. Cadogan; modified by E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=3	Figure 3.2. Straight-sided cup (N8009) with spiral decoration from Cistern 2. Photo E. Oddo; drawing D. Evely.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=6	Figure 3.3. Straight-sided cup (N8003) with plant motif from Cistern 2. Photo E. Oddo; drawing D. Evely.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=6	Figure 3.4. Hemispherical cup (P304) with spiral decoration from Cistern 2. Photo E. Oddo; drawing D. Evely.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=7	Figure 3.5. Example of ripple pattern on a straight-sided cup from Cistern 2. Photo E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=8	Figure 3.6. In-and-out bowl with crescent decoration (N4595) from Cistern 2. Photo E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=8	Figure 3.7. Examples of decorated cups from House B. Not to scale. Photo E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=9	Figure 3.8. Hemispherical cups from the tomb (top row: P694, N4064, P616), House B (middle row: N4225, N4226, N4227), and Cistern 2 (bottom row: P304, N8013, N8012). Not to scale. Photo E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=12	Figure 3.9. Banded bowls from the tomb (left) and Cistern 2 (right, P360). Rim diameters ca. 6–13 cm. Photo E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=12	Figure 3.10. Examples of bell cups from the tomb. Not to scale. Photo E. Oddo.	file://ETI_Ch3.pdf#page=13	Figure 4.1. Aerial view of the coastal region between Myrtos and Ierapetra and inland (north) to Bramiana. The abundance of white roofs filling the lower part of the photograph are greenhouses. Photo courtesy Google Earth.	file://ETI_Ch4.pdf#page=2	Figure 4.2. Middle Minoan cups from Bramiana: (a) Kamares Ware cup, BR 36, pres. ht. 9 cm, MM IIB; (b) straight-sided cup, BR 8, ht. 7.9 cm, MM IIIA. Drawings L. Bonga.	file://ETI_Ch4.pdf#page=3	Figure 4.3. Comparison between MM IIIA pithoi: (a) Bramiana, BR 140, d. of rim 37 cm; (b) Kommos, ht. 89 cm (Betancourt 1990, fig. 28:302). Drawings L. Bonga and P.P. Betancourt.	file://ETI_Ch4.pdf#page=5	Figure 4.4. In-and-out bowls from Bramiana: (a) BR 10, d. of base 21 cm; (b) BR 13, d. of rim 28 cm. Drawings L. Bonga and F.S. Hsu.	file://ETI_Ch4.pdf#page=6	Figure 4.5. Cooking vessel from Bramiana: (a) BR 31 made of clay fabric from Palaikastro, d. of base 22 cm. Two ritual vessels from Bramiana, both fabrics from Crete’s northern coast: (b) BR 23 made of Mirabello Fabric, d. of base 12 cm; (c) BR 64+177+138	file://ETI_Ch4.pdf#page=7	Figure 5.1. Map of the isthmus of Ierapetra with sites mentioned in the text. Contour interval 200 m. Drawing K. Chalikias.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=2	Figure 5.2. View of the mountain landscape around Gaidourophas, taken from west. Photo K. Chalikias.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=2	Figure 5.3. View of the western facade of the building at Gaidourophas, taken from northwest. Photo Y. Papadatos.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=4	Figure 5.4. Aerial view of the building at Gaidourophas. Drone photo K. Chalikias.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=4	Figure 5.5. View of Room 11 looking south with stone base in the middle. Photo Y. Papadatos.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=6	Figure 5.6. Neopalatial storage pithos from Room 16. Photo Y. Papadatos.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=7	Figure 5.8. Neopalatial pithoid jars from the building at Gaidourophas. Scale 1:8. Drawings K. Theodoropoulou and K. Chalikias.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=7	Figure 5.9. Neopalatial decorated jug (a), amphora (b), and tripod cooking pot (c) from the building at Gaidourophas. Scale 1:4. Drawings K. Theodoropoulou and K. Chalikias.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=8	Figure 5.10. Neopalatial painted and plain cups (a–h) and painted jug (i) from the building at Gaidourophas. Scale 1:3. Drawings K. Theodoropoulou and K. Chalikias.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=9	Figure 5.11. Pinhead made of rock crystal. Photo Y. Papadatos.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=10	Figure 5.12. Face of the bronze signet ring with seated woman (left) and quadruped (right). Photo Y. Papadatos.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=10	Figure 5.13. Threshold with traces of carbonized wood between Rooms 11 and 16, view from west. Photo Y. Papadatos. 	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=11	Figure 5.14. Head of a male figurine found in Room 31. Frontal view at left and profile facing right at right. Photo Y. Papadatos.	file://ETI_Ch5.pdf#page=15	Figure 6.1. Map of East Crete (after Brogan, Betancourt, and Apostolakou 2012, pl. XLI:a). Drawing K. Chalikias.
	file://ETI_Ch6.pdf#page=2	Figure 6.2. Photo of fragmentary Hexaplex trunculus seashells that were found on the surface near House A.1. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. 	file://ETI_Ch6.pdf#page=3	Figure 6.3. Drawing and x-ray of the fishhooks. Drawing D. Faulmann; image K. Hall and C. Papanikolopoulos. 	file://ETI_Ch6.pdf#page=4	Figure 6.4. Plan of House B.1. Drawing D. Faulmann.
	file://ETI_Ch6.pdf#page=5	Figure 6.6. Tripod cooking pot (CHR 134) found standing over the built hearth on the north side of Room 3, from the south. Photo A. Pearce. 	file://ETI_Ch6.pdf#page=6	Figure 7.1. Map of the Ierapetra Isthmus, with rectangles around locations of LM III cemeteries discussed in the text (after Chalikias 2009–2010, fig. 3).	file://ETI_Ch7.pdf#page=2	Figure 7.2. Comparison of the number and types of burial containers in the Mochlos cemeteries (n=36) vs. the tombs of the Ierapetra Isthmus (n=24).	file://ETI_Ch7.pdf#page=10	Figure 7.3. Evidence from skeletal material for average number of individuals per tomb.	file://ETI_Ch7.pdf#page=12	Figure 7.4. Comparison of types of grave goods between the Mochlos (n=385) and Ierapetra Isthmus (n=206) cemeteries.	file://ETI_Ch7.pdf#page=13	Figure 7.5. Total number of grave goods per individual and per tomb for the Mochlos and Ierapetra Isthmus cemeteries.	file://ETI_Ch7.pdf#page=14	Figure 7.6. Comparison of pottery shapes at the Mochlos Limenaria (n=261) and Arapi Skala (n=59) cemeteries.	file://ETI_Ch7.pdf#page=15ETI_Ch1_Accessibility
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