Exploratory Data Analysis

Cover\\r......Page 1
1\\r. Break table for two-decimal logs......Page 2
2. Break table for (square) roots......Page 3
3. Main break table--digits of negative reciprocals......Page 4
Title \\rpage......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication\\r......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
To the Student or Teacher......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
1A Quantitative detective work......Page 21
Comments about the index page......Page 22
1B Practical arithmetic......Page 23
1C Scratching down numbers......Page 26
1D Doing better with stem-and-leaf......Page 27
1E Using the right number of stems......Page 31
1F How to count by tallying......Page 36
1G What does it mean to \"feel what the data are like\"?......Page 39
1H How far have we come?......Page 40
1K How to use stem-and-leaf to pick up additional information (optional technique)......Page 43
1P Additional problems......Page 45
2 SCHEMATIC SUMMARIES (pictures and numbers)......Page 47
2A Extremes and median......Page 49
2B Hinges and 5-number summaries......Page 52
2C Box-and-whisker plots......Page 59
2D Fences, and outside values......Page 63
2E Schematic plots......Page 67
2F Pros and cons; the Rayleigh example......Page 69
2G Eighths, sixteenths, etc.......Page 73
2H How far have we come?......Page 75
3 EASY RE-EXPRESSION......Page 77
3A Logarithms = logs......Page 79
3B Quick logs......Page 81
3C Comparisons of two batches......Page 84
3D Quick roots and quick reciprocals......Page 89
3E Looking quickly......Page 99
3F Counted data......Page 103
3G Relation among powers and logs (optional)......Page 106
3H How far have we come?......Page 112
3P Additional problems......Page 113
4 EFFECTIVE COMPARISON (including well-chosen expression)......Page 117
4A Alternative forms of display of summaries......Page 119
4B Comparing several batches (continued)......Page 122
4C A more extensive example......Page 125
4E Adjustments, rough and exact......Page 130
4F Residuals......Page 133
4H How far have we come?......Page 135
4P Additional problems......Page 136
5 PLOTS OF RELATIONSHIP......Page 145
5A How to plot y against x......Page 146
5B Looking at subtraction......Page 151
5C Subtracting straight lines......Page 155
5D Plotting the population of the U.S.A.......Page 161
5E Plotting the ratio of births to deaths......Page 168
5F Untilting defines \"tilt\"......Page 174
5H How far have we come?......Page 176
5P Additional problems......Page 177
6 STRAIGHTENING OUT PLOTS (using three points)......Page 189
6A Looking at three points......Page 191
6B Re-expressing y alone......Page 192
6C Re-expressing x alone......Page 195
6D A braking example......Page 201
6E The vapor pressure of H2O......Page 207
6F Re-expressing the second variable......Page 211
6G Wise change of origin as a preliminary......Page 213
6H How far have we come?......Page 217
6P Additional problems......Page 219
7 SMOOTHING SEQUENCES......Page 225
7A Medians of 3......Page 230
7B Eye resmoothing......Page 234
7C Looking ahead......Page 236
7D Copying-on--and more, usually.......Page 241
7E Blurring the smooth--and setting the fences......Page 243
7F Splitting peaks and valleys......Page 247
7G Hanning......Page 251
7H How far have we come?......Page 255
7I Breaking a smooth......Page 257
7J Choice of expression......Page 267
7K A two-section example......Page 279
7M How much more may we have learned?......Page 284
8A Parallel schematic plots......Page 285
8B Smoothing the cross-medians......Page 294
8C Smoothing broken hinges......Page 296
8D Dealing with the two questions......Page 299
8E Wandering schematic plots......Page 303
8F A more demanding example: Governor\'s salary and bank deposits......Page 307
8G Further questions/analysis in the example......Page 318
8H How far have we come?......Page 326
8I The need to smooth both coordinates (optional)......Page 327
9A E-traces and D-traces......Page 329
9B Simple delineation--Twin Riyers again......Page 331
9C Reduced and schematic delineations......Page 333
9D What our schematic plots and delineations have missed......Page 339
9E Three variables at once--or more......Page 341
9H How far have we come?......Page 349
10 USING TWO-WAY ANALYSES......Page 351
1OA Two-way residuals; row-PLUS-column analysis......Page 352
1OB The row-PLUS-column fit......Page 357
10C Some points of technique......Page 363
10D Row-TIMES-column analysis......Page 364
10E Looking at row-PLUS-column fits and their residuals......Page 369
10F Fitting one more constant......Page 372
1OG Converting PLUS to TIMES; re-expression......Page 378
10H How far have we come?......Page 380
11 MAKING TWO-WAY ANALYSES......Page 382
11A Taking medians out......Page 383
11B Alternative organizations of the arithmetic......Page 392
11C Making the core of a two-way plot......Page 394
11D Going on with the residuals......Page 398
11E Coding residuals; condensing fits and residuals......Page 402
11F We can combine!......Page 410
11G Guidance for expression......Page 416
11H How far have we come?......Page 419
11I Exploring beyond PLUS-one (extends Chapter 10)......Page 421
11J Taking out any summary......Page 424
11K An example of re-expression--city killings......Page 428
11L An unusual fit......Page 435
11M How much more may we have learned?......Page 439
12 ADVANCED FITS......Page 440
12A PLUS-one fits......Page 441
12B Pictures for \"-PLUS-one\" fits......Page 444
12C Making those pictures......Page 448
12D Sometimes we can have parallel-line plots, still......Page 451
12E More extended fits......Page 453
12F Simplification is sometimes possible......Page 458
12H How far have we come?......Page 461
13A Three- and more-way analyses: Arrangement and tagging......Page 463
13B An analysis of the psychological example......Page 468
13C Making three-way analyses......Page 472
13D Three-way re-expression......Page 478
13E More about the example......Page 482
13H How far have we come?......Page 485
14 LOOKING IN TWO OR MORE WAYS AT BATCHES OF POINTS......Page 486
14A Coordinates and level traces......Page 487
14B Different middle traces for the same slices......Page 490
14C An explanation......Page 495
14D Changing the slicing coordinate......Page 496
14E What matters?......Page 501
14F Rematching and strength of relationship......Page 502
14H How far have we come?......Page 511
14I The ubiquity of medians (optional section)......Page 512
15 COUNTED FRACTIONS......Page 514
15A Started counts and counted fractions......Page 516
15B Three matched scales for counted fractions......Page 518
15C Quicker calculation......Page 522
15D Examples where careful expression clearly pays off......Page 528
15E Double folding--the 2 x 2 case......Page 533
15F Double folding--Iarger cases......Page 536
15G Easy froots and flogs with a slide rule (optional)......Page 540
15H How far have we come?......Page 542
16A Reroughing......Page 543
16B Some examples......Page 546
16C If we want things still smoother......Page 551
16D Further possibilities......Page 554
16H How far have we come?......Page 562
17A Root smooth and root rough\'......Page 563
17B Counts of basic counts......Page 570
17C Fitting to smoothed roots......Page 575
17D Com borers, wheat prices, and Student\'s simulations......Page 581
17E Bins of unequal width......Page 590
17F Double roots......Page 596
17G Cautionary examples......Page 602
17H How far have we come?......Page 607
18 PRODUCT-RATIO PLOTS......Page 608
18A Sizes and counts......Page 609
18B Product-ratio analysis......Page 614
18C Forcing the unusual to be noticed......Page 618
18D Comparisons between collections......Page 622
18E Looking at the smallest basic count......Page 624
18F When zeros are counted......Page 625
18G Under the microscope......Page 628
18H How far have we come?......Page 632
19 SHAPES OF DISTRIBUTION......Page 634
19A Looking at shapes of distribution......Page 636
19B The Gaussian reference......Page 643
19C Using letter values to look at shapes of distribution......Page 646
19D Pushback technique (optional section)......Page 657
19H How far have we come?......Page 664
20 MATHEMATICAL DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 666
20A Binnings vs. distributions......Page 668
20B Densities for distributions vs. densities for binnings......Page 671
20C Tables and pictures comparing two sets of shapes of distributions......Page 674
20H How far have we come?......Page 681
21 POSTSCRIPT......Page 682
21A Our relationship to the computer......Page 683
21B What has been omitted?......Page 684
21C How should the past chapters look different?......Page 685
21D What have we been introduced to?......Page 686
GLOSSARY......Page 687
ALPHABETICAL INDEX......Page 697
4. Pluralities, folded roots, folded logarithms......Page 709
5. Values of log_e sqrt(count + 1......Page 710
6. Values of sqrt(count + 1......Page 711