Experiments in Physical Chemistry

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Praise Page
Preface
I. INTRODUCTION
	Organization of the Book
	Preparation for an Experiment
	Execution of an Experiment
	Safety
	Recording of Experimental Data
	Literature Work
	Reports
	Sample Report
	Special Projects
	Ethics
II. TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
	A. Calculations and Presentation of Data
		Significant Figures
		Precision of Calculations
		Analytical Methods
		Numerical Methods
		Graphs and Graphical Methods
		Exercises
	B. Uncertainties in Data and Results
		Errors
		Rejection of Discordant Data
		Statistical Treatment of Random Errors
		Propagation of Errors
		Case History of an Error Evaluation
		Fundamental Limitations on Instrumental Precision
		Summary
		Exercises
III. USE OF COMPUTERS
	Word Processors
	Spreadsheets
	Symbolic Mathematics Programs
	Quantum Mechanical Programs
	Interfacing with Experiments
	Exercises
IV. GASES
	1. Gas Thermometry
	2. Joule–Thomson Effect
	3. Heat-Capacity Ratios for Gases
V. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GASES
	Kinetic Theory of Transport Phenomena
		4. Viscosity of Gases
		5. Diffusion of Gases
VI. THERMOCHEMISTRY
	Principles of Calorimetry
		6. Heats of Combustion
		7. Strain Energy of the Cyclopropane Ring
		8. Heats of Ionic Reaction
VII. SOLUTIONS
	9. Partial Molar Volume
	10. Cryoscopic Determination of Molar Mass
	11. Freezing-Point Depression of Strong and Weak Electrolytes
	12. Chemical Equilibrium in Solution
VIII. PHASE BEHAVIOR
	13. Vapor Pressure of a Pure Liquid
	14. Binary Liquid–Vapor Phase Diagram
	15. Ordering in Nematic Liquid Crystals
	16. Liquid–Vapor Coexistence Curve and the Critical Point
IX. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
	17. Conductance of Solutions
	18. Temperature Dependence of emf
	19. Activity Coefficients from Cell Measurements
X. CHEMICAL KINETICS
	20. Method of Initial Rates: Iodine Clock
	21. NMR Study of a Reversible Hydrolysis Reaction
	22. Enzyme Kinetics: Inversion of Sucrose
	23. Kinetics of the Decomposition of Benzenediazonium Ion
	24. Gas-Phase Kinetics
XI. SURFACE PHENOMENA
	25. Surface Tension of Solutions
	26. Physical Adsorption of Gases
XII. MACROMOLECULES
	27. Intrinsic Viscosity: Chain Linkage in Polyvinyl Alcohol
	28. Helix–Coil Transition in Polypeptides
XIII. ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
	29. Dipole Moment of Polar Molecules in Solution
	30. Dipole Moment of HCl Molecules in the Gas Phase
	31. Magnetic Susceptibility
	32. NMR Determination of Paramagnetic Susceptibility
	33. Dynamic Light Scattering
XIV. SPECTROSCOPY
	34. Absorption Spectrum of a Conjugated Dye
	35. Raman Spectroscopy: Vibrational Spectrum of CCl 4
	36. Stimulated Raman Spectra of Benzene
	37. Vibrational–Rotational Spectra of HCl and DCl
	38. Vibrational–Rotational Spectra of Acetylenes
	39. Absorption and Emission Spectra of I 2
	40. Fluorescence Lifetime and Quenching in I2 Vapor
	41. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
	42. NMR Determination of Keto–Enol Equilibrium Constants
	43. NMR Study of Gas-Phase DCl–HBr Isotopic Exchange Reaction
	44. Solid-State Lasers: Radiative Properties of Ruby Crystals
	45. Spectroscopic Properties of CdSe Nanocrystals
XV. SOLIDS
	46. Determination of Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction
	47. Lattice Energy of Solid Argon
	48. Statistical Thermodynamics of Iodine Sublimation
XVI. ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS
	Circuit Elements
	Operational Amplifiers
	Analog-to-Digital Conversion
	Digital Multimeters
	Potentiometer Circuits
	Wheatstone Bridge Circuits
XVII. TEMPERATURE
	Temperature Scales
	Triple-Point and Ice-Point Cell
	Thermometers
	Temperature Control
XVIII. VACUUM TECHNIQUES
	Introduction
	Pumps
	Pressure Gauges
	Safety Considerations
XIX. INSTRUMENTS
	Balances
	Barometers
	Oscilloscopes
	pH Meters
	Polarimeters
	Radiation Counters
	Recording Devices and Printers
	Refractometers
	Signal-Averaging Devices
	Spectroscopic Components
	Spectroscopic Instruments
	Timing Devices
XX. MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES
	Volumetric Procedures
	Purification Methods
	Gas-Handling Procedures
	Electrodes for Electrochemical Cells
	Materials for Construction
	Solders and Adhesives
	Tubing Connections
	Shopwork
XXI. LEAST-SQUARES FITTING PROCEDURES
	Introduction
	Foundations of Least Squares
	Weights
	Rejection of Discordant Data
	Goodness of Fit
	Comparison of Models
	Uncertainties in the Parameters
	Summary of Procedures
	Sample Least-Squares Calculation
APPENDICES
	A. Glossary of Symbols
	B. International System of Units and Concentration Units
	C. Safety
	D. Literature Work
	E. Research Journals
	F. Numerical Methods of Analysis
	G. Barometer Corrections
	H. Ethical Conduct in Physical Chemistry
Index
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
Energy Conversion Table
Relative Atomic Masses of the Elements