Experiments in General Chemistry: Inquiry and Skill Building (Brooks Cole Laboratory Series for General Chemistry)

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
To: Instructors and Students......Page 6
Laboratory Safety......Page 8
TECHNIQUES......Page 16
Experimental Design......Page 17
Report......Page 18
1 EXPERIMENT 1 : ARELABELS ACCURATE OR PRECISE?: Prelab Exercises......Page 20
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 22
OBJECTIVES......Page 24
Construction of a Pycnometer......Page 25
Determination of the Volume of the Pycnometer......Page 29
Determination of the Density of an Unknown Liquid......Page 30
2 EXPERIMENT 2: DENSITY MEASUREMENTS: Prelab Exercises......Page 32
ANALYSIS......Page 34
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 35
CONCEPTS......Page 38
The Scientist......Page 39
Purchasing Department and Plant......Page 40
The Plant Operator......Page 41
The Plant Operator......Page 42
The Sales Department......Page 44
3 EXPERIMENT 3: COST OF A CHEMICAL PRODUCT: Prelab Exercises......Page 46
DATA......Page 48
ANALYSIS......Page 49
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 51
INTRODUCTION......Page 54
ACTIVITIES......Page 55
From Oil or Fat to Soap......Page 56
Clean Up......Page 59
4 EXPERIMENT 4: SOAPMAKING: Prelab Exercises......Page 60
DATA......Page 62
ANALYSIS......Page 63
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 64
ACTIVITIES......Page 66
Measuring Mass for Calcium and Hydrochloric Acid......Page 67
Clean Up......Page 69
5 EXPERIMENT 5: REACTIONS OF CALCIUM: Prelab Exercises......Page 70
DATA......Page 72
ANALYSIS......Page 74
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 76
OBJECTIVES......Page 78
CONCEPTS......Page 79
PROCEDURES......Page 80
6 EXPERIMENT 6: RECYCLING ALUMINUM CANS: Prelab Exercises......Page 84
ANALYSIS......Page 86
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 87
OBJECTIVES......Page 88
Solutions......Page 89
Crystals of Alum......Page 91
7 EXPERIMENT 7: SOLUTIONS AND CRYSTALS OF ALUM: Prelab Exercises......Page 94
DATA......Page 96
ANALYSIS......Page 98
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 100
CONCEPTS......Page 102
Preparation of 150 mL of 0.04 M NaOH......Page 105
Standardization of the 0.04 M NaOH Solution......Page 106
Titration of Citric Acid......Page 107
Clean-Up......Page 108
8 EXPERIMENT 8: ANALYSIS OF ACARBONATED BEVERAGE: Prelab Exercises......Page 110
DATA......Page 112
ANALYSIS......Page 113
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 114
TECHNIQUES......Page 116
Experimental Design......Page 117
Experimentation......Page 118
Report......Page 119
9 EXPERIMENT 9: MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN REACTIONS: Prelab Exercises......Page 120
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 122
INTRODUCTION......Page 124
ACTIVITIES......Page 125
PROCEDURES......Page 126
10 EXPERIMENT 10: SHAPES OF MOLECULES AND IONS: Prelab Exercises......Page 128
DATA/ANALYSIS......Page 130
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 132
ACTIVITIES......Page 134
PROCEDURES......Page 135
11 EXPERIMENT 11: THE FUELINABIC® LIGHTER: Prelab Exercises......Page 138
DATA......Page 140
ANALYSIS......Page 141
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 144
CONCEPTS......Page 146
Preparing Tablet Fragments......Page 147
Running the Experiment......Page 148
Running of Experiment......Page 151
Calculations......Page 152
12 EXPERIMENT 12: ALKA-SELTZER®: ANAPPLICATION OF GASLAWS: Prelab Exercises......Page 154
DATA......Page 156
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 157
OBJECTIVES......Page 160
Preparing the Melting Point Tubes......Page 161
Filling the Melting Point Tubes......Page 162
Melting Points......Page 163
Calculations......Page 166
13 EXPERIMENT 13: FREEZING POINTS OF SOLUTIONS: Prelab Exercises......Page 168
DATA......Page 170
ANALYSIS......Page 172
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 175
OBJECTIVES......Page 178
Preparation of Solutions......Page 179
Absorption Curve of the [Cu(en)[sub(2)]][sup(2+)] Complex......Page 181
Detection Limits (optional)......Page 182
14 EXPERIMENT 14: SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS: Prelab Exercises......Page 184
DATA......Page 186
ANALYSIS......Page 187
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 189
INTRODUCTION......Page 192
CONCEPTS......Page 193
TECHNIQUES......Page 195
Construction and Use of a Calorimeter......Page 196
Heat of Crystallization......Page 198
15 EXPERIMENT 15: HEAT OF CRYSTALLIZATION: Prelab Exercises......Page 202
DATA......Page 204
ANALYSIS......Page 205
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 207
INTRODUCTION......Page 210
TECHNIQUES......Page 211
Enthalpy of HCI(aq)+ NaOH(s)......Page 212
Enthalpy of Acetic Acid(aq)+ NaOH(aq)......Page 213
16 EXPERIMENT 16: ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS: Prelab Exercises......Page 214
DATA......Page 216
CLASS DATA......Page 219
ANALYSIS......Page 220
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 222
INTRODUCTION......Page 224
ACTIVITIES......Page 225
The Apparatus......Page 226
Running of Experiment......Page 227
17 EXPERIMENT 17: THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: Prelab Exercises......Page 230
DATA......Page 232
ANALYSIS......Page 235
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 239
INTRODUCTION......Page 240
CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES......Page 242
Absorbance Curve......Page 243
Decolorization......Page 244
18 EXPERIMENT 18: KINETICS OF DECOLORATION OF CRYSTALVIOLET: Prelab Exercises......Page 246
DATA......Page 248
ANALYSIS......Page 250
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 255
TECHNIQUES......Page 256
Effects of Temperature......Page 257
Investigating the Reaction......Page 258
Return to Effects of Temperature......Page 259
19 EXPERIMENT 19: FACTORS AFFECTING REACTIONS: Prelab Exercises......Page 260
DATA......Page 262
ANALYSIS......Page 264
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 267
INTRODUCTION......Page 268
ACTIVITIES......Page 269
PROCEDURES......Page 270
20 EXPERIMENT 20: FORMATION OF A COMPLEX: Prelab Exercises......Page 272
ANALYSIS......Page 274
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 276
ACTIVITIES......Page 278
pH and Concentration......Page 279
Effects of Adding a Salt......Page 280
21 EXPERIMENT 21: ACIDS AND pH: Prelab Exercises......Page 282
DATA......Page 284
ANALYSIS......Page 286
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 290
TECHNIQUES......Page 292
Standardizing the NaOH......Page 293
Quantitative Measurements......Page 294
22 EXPERIMENT 22: REACTIONS OF ACIDS AND BASES: Prelab Exercises......Page 296
DATA......Page 298
ANALYSIS......Page 299
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 302
TECHNIQUES......Page 304
Experimental Design......Page 305
Report......Page 306
23 EXPERIMENT 23: ACIDS AND BASES: Prelab Exercises......Page 308
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 310
TECHNIQUES......Page 312
Do Metals & Metal Ions React?......Page 313
Concentration Effects......Page 314
24 EXPERIMENT 24: ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Prelab Exercises......Page 316
DATA......Page 318
ANALYSIS......Page 319
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 323
CONCEPTS......Page 324
TECHNIQUES......Page 325
Calibration of a Beral Pipet......Page 326
Standardization of the KMnO[sub(4)] Solution......Page 327
Titration of an Fe(II) Solution Like One Prepared From Hematite (an Ore Containing Fe[sub(2)]O[sub(3)])......Page 328
25 EXPERIMENT 25: SMALL-SCALE REDOX TITRATION: Prelab Exercises......Page 330
DATA......Page 332
ANALYSIS......Page 333
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 334
CONCEPTS......Page 336
Experimental Design......Page 337
Report......Page 338
26 EXPERIMENT 26: ACIDS AND pH: Prelab Exercises......Page 340
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 342
INTRODUCTION......Page 344
CONCEPTS......Page 345
PROCEDURES......Page 346
27 EXPERIMENT 27: ORGANIC MOLECULES: Prelab Exercises......Page 348
DATA......Page 350
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 352
TECHNIQUES......Page 354
The Reaction of Two Organic Compounds......Page 355
Possible Organic Compounds......Page 356
28 EXPERIMENT 28: REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Prelab Exercises......Page 358
DATA......Page 360
ANALYSIS......Page 361
POSTLAB QUESTIONS......Page 363
LIST OF COMMON PROCEDURES AND CONCEPTS......Page 364
Systematic and Random Errors......Page 365
Percent Deviation (or relative standard deviation)......Page 366
Significant Figures......Page 367
WEIGHING TECHNIQUES......Page 368
Weighing with a Triple-Beam Balance......Page 369
Weighing with a Top-Loader Balance......Page 370
Weighing with an Analytical Balance......Page 371
Operation......Page 372
BURETS (THEIR USE AND CARE)......Page 373
VACUUM FILTRATION......Page 375
Transfer of Solids......Page 376
Transfer of Liquids......Page 377
Test for Hydrogen......Page 378
SPECTROSCOPY......Page 379
GRAPHING DATA......Page 381
TABLE OF MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES......Page 383
FINDING THE EQUIVALENCE POINT......Page 384