Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures: EVACES 2023 - Volume 2 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 433)

Preface
Organization
Contents
Optimization of Structural Health Monitoring for Bridges Networks by Combining Traditional and Innovative Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Procedure
		2.1 Remote Sensing Monitoring
		2.2 On Site Monitoring
	3 Application
	4 Conclusions
	References
Value of Seismic Structural Health Monitoring Information for Management of Civil Structures Under Different Prior Knowledge Scenarios
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework
	3 Application
		3.1 Modelling Structural Capacity
		3.2 Modelling Seismic Hazard
		3.3 Modelling S2HM Outcome
		3.4 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Forecasting the Value of Vibration-Based Monitoring Information in Structural Integrity Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Decision Scenario
		2.1 Analytical Formulation
	3 Models
		3.1 System State
		3.2 Action and Utility Models
	4 Global and Local Information
	5 Case Studies
		5.1 Serial System
		5.2 Parallel Ductile Daniels System
	6 Conclusion
	References
Efficient Subspace-Based Operational Modal Analysis Using Video-Based Vibration Measurements*-1pc
	1 Introduction
	2 Stochastic Subspace Identification with Dimension Reduction
		2.1 Stochastic Subspace Identification and Projection Channels
		2.2 PCA Based Dimension Reduction
	3 Both Sides Reduction of Hankel Matrix
	4 Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Model Order Selection for Uncertainty Quantification in Subspace-Based OMA of Vestas V27 Blade
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Subspace Identification
		2.2 Uncertainty Propagation
		2.3 Problem Statement
	3 Model Order Selection for Uncertainty Propagation
		3.1 Distribution of the Eigenvalue Condition Number
		3.2 Model Order Selection
	4 Application
	5 Conclusions
	References
Modal Analysis of a Steel Truss Bridge Under Varying Environmental Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Experimental Model
		2.2 Measurement Setup
	3 Data Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Linear System Identification of the UC San Diego Geisel Library Building
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the UC San Diego Geisel Library
	3 Instrumentation Plan and Collected Vibration Data
	4 System Identification Results Using Seismic Vibration Data
	5 Comparison between Estimated and Measured Responses of the Geisel Library during the M5.3 Calipatria Earthquake
	6 Conclusions
	References
FE Model Updating of Cable-Stayed Bridges Based on the Experimental Estimate of Cable Forces and Modal Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Model Problem Statement
	3 Deck and Cables Dynamic Identification
	4 Sensitivity Analysis
	5 Finite Element Model Updating
	6 Conclusions
	References
Physics-Based and Machine-Learning Models for Braking Impact Factors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Road Roughness Model
		2.2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Model
		2.3 Machine-Learning
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Tests with Hard Braking Heavy Vehicles on a Motorway Bridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Tests
		2.1 Bridge
		2.2 Test Set-Up
		2.3 Test Program
	3 Test Results
		3.1 Vehicle Braking Kinematics
		3.2 Bridge Response
	4 Conclusions
	References
Determining Braking Forces on Bridges Using Monitored Traffic Data and Stochastic Simulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Stochastic Model
		2.1 Overall Procedure
		2.2 Traffic Data
		2.3 Rate of Braking Events
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Fusing Modal Parameters and Curvature Influence Lines for Damage Localization Under Vehicle Excitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Identification of Curvature from Modal Parameters
		2.2 Identification of Curvature from Quasi-Static Acceleration
		2.3 Feature Fusion and Damage Identification
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Unsupervised Learning Method for Indirect Bridge Structural Health Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle Bridge Interaction Model
		2.1 VBI Governing Equations
		2.2 Damaged Beam Model
		2.3 Road Roughness Profile
	3 Numerical Case Study
		3.1 Bridge and Vehicle Properties
		3.2 Numerical Dataset
	4 Bridge Damage Assessment Framework
		4.1 Convolutional Variational Autoencoders
		4.2 Methodology
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Using Contact Residual Responses of a 3-DOF Scooter to Identify First Few Frequencies of the Footbridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation and CP Response Calculation
		2.1 VBI Model
		2.2 Road Roughness
		2.3 Back-Calculated CP Response
	3 Simulation Results and Discussions
		3.1 Parameters of the VBI System
		3.2 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusions and Future Studies
	Appendix
	References
Automatic Drive-By Bridge Damage Detection via a Clustering Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Investigation
	3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	4 Experimental Study
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Drive-by Bridge Damage Localisation Method with an Instrumented Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Derivation of Dynamic Responses of VBI Systems
		2.1 Dynamic Responses of a Health Beam Under a Moving Vehicle
		2.2 Dynamic Responses of the Vehicle in a Health VBI System
		2.3 Dynamic Responses of a Damaged Beam in a VBI System
		2.4 Low-Pass Filtered Responses of the Vehicle Running on a Damaged Bridge
	3 Validation with Finite Element Models
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Data-Driven Approach for Monitoring Railway Tracks Using Dynamic Responses Collected by an In-service Train
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Data Set
		2.1 Location of Interest
	3 The Proposed Framework
	4 Experimental Results
		4.1 Feature Extraction and Reduction
		4.2 Feature Classification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Bridge Response Fusion Drive-by-Bridge Inspection by Means of Model Updates
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Objective
	2 Theory for Model Updating
		2.1 Bayesian Model Updating
		2.2 TMCMC
	3 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Bridge Response Fused Drive-by Bridge Inspection
	5 Conclusion
	References
Drive-by Bridge Deflection Estimating Method Based on Track Irregularities Measured on a Train: Extension to Multiple Bridge Sections
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Bridge Deflection Estimation via Inspection Trains
		2.2 Simulation Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effects of Adjacent Span Deflection
	4 Conclusions
	References
Roadway Roughness Profile Identification from Vehicle Acceleration by Means of Dynamic Regularized Least Square Minimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Road Profile Identification Algorithm
	3 Feasibility Investigation by the Field Experiment
		3.1 Experimental Condition
		3.2 Identified Profile and PSD
		3.3 Discussion on IRI
	4 Conclusion
	References
Importance of Eliminating Operational Effects in Indirect Monitoring of Bridges Under Real-Life Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Inverse Filtering Method
		2.2 Mel-Frequency Cepstral Analysis
	3 Real-Life Experiments
		3.1 Experimental Details
		3.2 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Vibration Serviceability of a Seven Span Continuous Cable-Stayed Bridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Traffic-Induced Vibration Analysis for Seven Span Continuous Cable-Stayed Bridge
		2.1 Bridge Model
		2.2 Analytical Method
	3 Traffic-Induced Vibration Analysis and Ride Comfort of Vehicles
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Eigenvalue Analysis
		3.3 Dynamic Responses of Bridges and Vehicles
		3.4 Vibration Characteristics of Bridges and Vehicles in Traffic Congestion
		3.5 Ride Comfort of Vehicles on the Bridge
	4 Impact Factor
		4.1 Definition
		4.2 Impact Factor of Main Girder
		4.3 Impact Factor of Main Tower and Cable
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effects of Added Mass on Indirect Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Observations and Discussion
		3.1 Bridge and Vehicle Individual System Identification
		3.2 Combined Vehicle-Bridge System Identification
		3.3 Physical Traversals
		3.4 Synthetic Traversals
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	5 Authorship Contribution and Acknowledgements
	References
Field Study of Drive-by Monitoring for Estimating Road Unevenness with Buses in Service Operation
	1 Introduction
	2 Basis Theory of Road Unevenness Estimation
		2.1 Road Unevenness Estimation
		2.2 Parameter Optimization
		2.3 Setting
		2.4 Result
	3 Field Experiment
		3.1 Experimental Setting
		3.2 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Deconvolution of Contaminated Acceleration Signals Recorded via Moving Sensors on Bridges
	1 Literature Review
	2 Research Significance
	3 Removal of the Vehicle’s Dynamic Response
	4 Simulation Setup
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Exploring the Use of Bicycles as Exciters and Sensor Carriers for Indirect Bridge Modal Parameter Estimation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Assumed Theoretical Model
		2.2 Experimental Regimes
		2.3 Sensor Instrumentation
		2.4 Data Processing
	3 Analysis
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Truss Railway Bridge Indirect Frequency Estimation by Time-Shifted Accelerations Difference
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Formulation of TSSS Problem
	3 Explanatory Example
	4 3D Case Study
		4.1 Models
		4.2 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Novel Drive-by System Identification Approach for Bridges Utilizing a Modal FRF Similarity Criterion and Soft-Imputing
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Motivations and General Procedures
		2.2 Bridge Response Estimation Through Soft-Imputing
		2.3 Modal Frequency Response Functions of the Bridge Under Moving Axles
		2.4 Modal FRF Similarity Measure and Optimum λ
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Numerical Setup
		3.2 Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Frequency Content of Accelerations Recorded on Trains Crossing Multi-span Bridges
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model
	3 Dynamic Analysis and Evaluation of Results
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Effect of Road Roughness on the Dynamic Response of Vehicles in Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Modeling
	1 Introduction
	2 Road Surface Roughness
	3 Numerical Simulations
		3.1 Numerical Model
		3.2 Effect of Road Roughness Irregularity on Acceleration Response
		3.3 Effect of Road Roughness Irregularity on Displacement Response
		3.4 Effect of Road Roughness Irregularity on the Frequency Content of the Vibrations
	4 Conclusion
	References
Synchronization Issues in Data Acquisition on Android Phones for Acceleration Recordings
	1 Introduction
	2 Android Sensors
	3 Android Synchronization Issues: Master Clock Setting Issues and Data Request Management Issues
	4 Proposed Client-Server Approach to Synchronization
	5 The Test Case
	6 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Response of a Lively Footbridge Under Walking Pedestrians
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Footbridge
	3 Experimental Tests
		3.1 Experimental Setup
		3.2 Test Plan
	4 Footbridge Dynamic Properties
	5 Results of Forced Vibration Tests: Pedestrian Behavior
	6 Results of Forced Vibration Tests: Bridge Response
	7 Conclusions
	References
Serviceability Assessment of a Retrofitted Footbridge Prone to Lateral Vibration
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Structure
		2.1 Numerical Model
	3 Dynamic Behaviour of the Structure
		3.1 Modal Analysis
		3.2 Model Validation
		3.3 Linear Dynamic Analysis Under Moving Pedestrians
		3.4 Linear Dynamic Analysis Under Load Models
		3.5 Check of Criterion for Lock-in
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Response of a Controlled FRP Footbridge: Implications of Human-Structure Interaction Phenomenon
	1 Introduction
	2 Pedestrian Bridge
		2.1 FRP Footbridge with a TMD
		2.2 HSI Load Models
	3 Uncontrolled Structure
		3.1 Experimental Response
		3.2 Numerical Results
	4 Controlled Structure
		4.1 Experimental Results
		4.2 Numerical Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Derivation of Dynamic Load Factor for Transparent Glass Pedestrian Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
		2.1 Methods
		2.2 Selected Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
A Real-Time Monitoring Strategy for the Assessment of Vibration Levels on Stadium Grandstands During Events
	1 Introduction
	2 The Giuseppe Meazza Stadium in Milan
	3 The Vibration Monitoring System of the G. Meazza Stadium
	4 Real-Time Vibration Monitoring of Grandstands During Stadium Events
		4.1 Data Acquisition Strategy
		4.2 System Management Software
		4.3 Monitoring Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Topology Optimization-Based Method for Structural Vibration Serviceability Design of Large-Span Structures Under Human Excitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Theory of Topology Optimization
		2.1 Variable Density Method
		2.2 SIMP Model for Topology
	3 Vibration Serviceability Design of a Truss Structure Using Topology Optimization
		3.1 Minimum Static Displacement as the Objective Function
		3.2 Maximum Fundamental Frequency as the Objective Function
		3.3 Minimum Acceleration as the Objective Function
		3.4 Comparison of Optimization Results with Different Objective Functions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Finite Element Model Updating of Steel Bridge Structure Using Vibration-Based Structural Health Monitoring System: A Case Study of Railway Steel Arch Bridge in Poland
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation, FE Model Updating and Prediction ANFIS Model
		2.1 Data Sets from Vibration-Based SHM System
		2.2 Natural Frequency and Tension Force of Hanger
		2.3 FE Model Updating of Steel Hangers
		2.4 Prediction of Dynamic Behavior of Structure Based on ANFIS Model
	3 Conclusion
	References
Compensation of Temperature Shift in Strain Monitoring Data via Auto-Regressive Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Model: Data Set
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Damage Detection of Structures with Complex Modes Under Variable Environmental Conditions Using Autocovariance Functions
	1 Introduction
	2 Autocovariance Functions
	3 Damage Detection in the Time Domain
	4 Numerical Example
		4.1 Single Mode ACFs
		4.2 Damage Detection with Three Sensors
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigations Towards Physics-Informed Gaussian Process Regression for the Estimation of Modal Parameters of a Lattice Tower Under Environmental Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Operational Modal Analysis
		2.2 Gaussian Process Regression
	3 Application
		3.1 Influence of Environmental Conditions on Natural Frequencies
		3.2 Towards Physically Representative Basis Functions
		3.3 Damage Detection
	4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Development in Machine Learning Based Rapid Visual Screening Method for Masonry Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Site Seismicity
	3 Modelling
		3.1 Data Analysis
		3.2 Outlier Detection
		3.3 Feature Engineering
		3.4 Data Splitting
		3.5 Data Augmentation
		3.6 Machine Learning Algorithms
		3.7 Accuracy of the Model
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simple Convolutional Neural Networks for the Damage Identification in Composite Steel-Concrete Beams
	1 Introduction
	2 The Composite Steel-Concrete Beam
		2.1 The Numerical Model
		2.2 Damage Modelling
		2.3 Analysis of the T1PR Beam
	3 Characterization of the Dynamical System by the Transmissibility Functions
		3.1 Transmissibility Functions
		3.2 Numerical Evaluation of TFs
	4 Identification of a Single Damage by Image Classification
	5 Identification of a Single Damage by Image Regression
	6 Conclusions
	References
Does Climate Change Impact Long-Term Damage Detection in Bridges?
	1 Introduction
	2 Long-Term Damage Detection Strategy
		2.1 The Problem and Challenges
		2.2 The Approach – Classifier Based on the Mahalanobis Squared Distance
	3 Bridge and Data Sets Description
	4 Monitoring and Climate Change Data
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Research on Hysteresis Model of High Damping Rubber Bearing with Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Loading Test
		2.1 Specimen and Apparatus
		2.2 Test Method
		2.3 Test Results
	3 Deep Learning Neural Network Models
		3.1 Neural Network Models
		3.2 Selection of Input and Output Factors
		3.3 Training by Neural Network
		3.4 Recognition Results of Hysteresis Restoring Force Characteristics
	4 Dynamic Analysis
		4.1 Analytical Conditions
		4.2 Analytical Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
City Scale Seismic-Damage Prediction of Buildings Using Quantum Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Proposed Method
	3 Basic Knowledge of Quantum Computing
	4 Develop a Quantum Neural Network Algorithm
	5 Performance of the QNN Model on Testing Dataset
	6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Structural Damage Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Blades Based on Machine Learning Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimenal Setup and Damage States
	3 Damage Diagnosis Approach
		3.1 Data Preprocessing
		3.2 Feature Vector
		3.3 MLP Architecture
		3.4 Metrics
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 EOV Effect
		4.2 Network Generalization
	5 Conclusions
	References
Story-by-Story Building Damage Recognition from Changes of Wave Propagation Between Two Adjacent Floors Using CNN
	1 Introduction
	2 The Deconvolved Waveforms
		2.1 Reconstruction of Wavefield
		2.2 Shake-Table Test of a Steel Structure
		2.3 Changes of Wavefield of Shake-Table Test
	3 Construction of the CNN Model
		3.1 Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom System
		3.2 Generation of Deconvolved Waves Using the MDOF
		3.3 Construction of CNN Model
	4 Training and Verification of CNN
		4.1 Establishing the Ground Motion Dataset for CNN Model Training
		4.2 Training of CNN
	5 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of Vibration Characteristics for a Bridge-Underground System by Subspace Model Identification Method Using Multi-point Monitoring Seismic Records
	1 Introduction
	2 Observation System for Monitoring Bridge Seismic Responses
	3 System Identification Method in Observation System
		3.1 Covariance-Driven Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI-COV) Method
		3.2 Ordinary Multi Variable Output-Error State sPace (MOESP) Method
		3.3 Flow of System Identification Scheme for Observation System
	4 Case Study in the Framework of Observation System
		4.1 Results by SSIM
		4.2 Comparison with Vibration Characteristics Calculated from Analytical Models and Geological Surveys
	5 Summary
	References
A Preliminary Study on Physics-Informed Machine Learning-Based Structure Health Monitoring for Beam Structures
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study 1: Theoretical Beam Structure
		2.1 Methodology
		2.2 Data
		2.3 Results
	3 Case Study 2: Real Bridge
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Data
		3.3 Results
	4 Discussion and Future Work
	References
System Fragility Analysis of a Horizontally Curved Multi-span Highway Bridge Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Fragility Development
	3 Bridge Description and Numerical Modeling
	4 Input Ground Motions
	5 Limit States Definition
	6 Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models (PSDMs)
	7 Results and Discussion
		7.1 Fragility Functions for the Bridge’s Components
		7.2 System Fragility Using Reliability Bounds and JPSDM
		7.3 Effect of Seismic Excitation Direction on System Fragility Functions
	8 Conclusions
	References
Unsupervised Damage Localization Using Autoencoders with Time-Series Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Autoencoder
		2.2 Time-Series Data as Input
		2.3 Damage Localization Method
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Gaussian Process Regression Surrogate Model for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Highway Bridge Structure System
	1 Introduction
	2 Deep Kernel Learning
	3 Seismic Response Analysis of Highway Bridge System
	4 System Fragility Derived by Surrogate Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of Seismic Displacement Response Using a Kalman Filter with Data-Driven State-Space Model Identification
	1 Introduction
	2 Nonlinear System Identification Under Seismic Excitation
		2.1 Data-Driven State-Space Model Identification Under Seismic Excitation
		2.2 Displacement Estimation by UKF
		2.3 Process Noise and Observation Noise Estimation
	3 Numerical Application
	4 Conclusion
	References
Transmissibility Functions-Based Structural Damage Assessment with the Use of Explainable Convolutional Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Case Study
	4 Conclusions
	References
Monitoring-Driven Post-earthquake Building Damage Tagging
	1 Introduction
	2 SHM-Based Fragility Models
		2.1 Damage-Sensitive Features
		2.2 Model Simulations
		2.3 SHM-Based Fragility Model
		2.4 Uncertainties Arising from Simplified Engineering Models
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Outlook
	References
Tongde Plaza Yue Center (TPYC) Full-Scale Testbed Site: Fixed-Base Digital Twin and Its Validation Using Microtremors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Data
		2.1 The Structure and Its Digital Twin
		2.2 Data
	3 Results and Analysis
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Experimental System Identification and Damage Detection in Steel-Concrete Composite Frames Subjected to Monotonic and Cyclic Lateral Loads
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Campaign
		2.1 Full-Scale Steel-Concrete Composite Frame Specimens
		2.2 Quasi-static and Dynamic Testing Procedures
	3 Dynamic Response of the Composite Frame Specimens
		3.1 Experimental Investigation on Frame Specimen SP-C1-M (Monotonic)
		3.2 Experimental Investigation of Frame Specimen SP-C2-C (Cyclic)
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Optimal Location of Strong Ground Motion Sensors for Seismic Emergency Management*-1pc
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Modeling the Seismic Demand
		2.2 Selection of Scenario Earthquakes
		2.3 Value of Information Analysis
	3 Application
	4 Conclusion
	References
Impacts Between Different Drop Masses and Different Targets in Different Scales
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Test of a Drop Test Facility for Heavy Mass Drops
	3 Drop Test Facility Inside an Old Masonry Building
	4 Small-Scale Drop Tests in the Laboratory
	5 Modelling Drop Tests and Foundation Behaviour
		5.1 General Rules (Momentum, Energy)
		5.2 Mass-Spring-Damper Systems for Massive Foundations
		5.3 Mass-Spring-Damper Systems for a Light-Weight Target
	6 Conclusions
	References
Parameter Estimation for Seismic Isolation Structures in the Presence of Pounding Problems by Unscented Kalman Filter
	1 Introduction
	2 Shaking Table Tests of a Full-Scaled Isolation RC Building
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Simplified Model and Validation Procedures
	3 Parameter Estimation
		3.1 Model Calibration, Parameter Updating, and Verification
		3.2 Parameter Estimation Under Pounding Scenarios
		3.3 Validation on Estimated Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Measured Deterioration Signals in Structures and Their Implications
	1 Introduction
	2 Measurement of Low Amplitude Signals
	3 The Risk Ratio
		3.1 The Amplitude Related Random Decrement
	4 Indications of Structural Integrity
	5 Alternative Assessments of Structural Integrity
	6 Some Examples of Full-Scale Performance Measurements
		6.1 The Cadet Chapel at West Point, New York, USA
		6.2 Wellington City Administrative Building (CAB)
		6.3 Kosciusko Bridge Felling
	7 Legal Changes Introduce a New ‘Standard of Care’
	8 Conclusions
	References
Stress Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams Using Time Domain Spectral Finite Element Method Under the Action of Seismic Ground Motion
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams
		1.2 FEM and Other Alternative Analysis Techniques
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Time-Domain Based Spectral Finite Element Method (TDSFEM)
		2.2 Application of TDSFEM to Dynamic Stress Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dam
	3 Conclusions
		3.1 Results and Discussions
		3.2 Scope of Future Work
	References
Identification of Damage in Truss and Beam Structures Based on Flexibility Matrix*-1pc
	1 Introduction
	2 Damage Detection Method
		2.1 Damage Index for Trusses
		2.2 Damage Index for Beams
	3 Numerical Applications
		3.1 Truss Structure
		3.2 Beam Structure
	4 Conclusions
	References
Improved Euler-Maruyama Scheme for the Calibration of Deterioration Models
	1 Introduction
	2 SDE Deterioration Model
	3 Improved Euler-Maruyama Scheme
		3.1 Known Shock Occurrences
		3.2 Unknown Shock Occurrences
	4 Numerical Example
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Simulation of Contact Acoustic Nonlinearities in Damaged CFRP Laminates Through Laser-Induced Guided Waves
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model Features
		2.1 Geometry and Material Properties
		2.2 Numerical Modeling
	3 Results
		3.1 Wavefield Analysis
		3.2 Spatiotemporal Frequency Visualization
	4 Conclusion
	References
Distributed Vibration Monitoring of Bridges with Fiber Optic Sensing Systems
	1 Distributed Acoustic Sensing
		1.1 Principles
		1.2 Applications of DAS
	2 Vibration Monitoring of Bridges
		2.1 Point-wise Sensing
		2.2 Distributed Sensing
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Highway Bridge
		3.2 Monitoring System
	4 Point-Wise Evaluation
		4.1 Displacement Analysis
		4.2 Frequency Analysis
	5 Distributed Evaluation
		5.1 Displacement Analysis
		5.2 Frequency Analysis
	6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
SHM System Prototype for Serial Structures Operating Under Different Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Components for SHM System Prototype
		2.1 Measurement System
		2.2 Specimens
		2.3 Modal Data Development
	3 Experiment
		3.1 Experimental Setup
		3.2 Modal Simulation
		3.3 Experimental Study
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Ultra-long Large-Capacity FBG Sensing for Long-Haul Powerlines Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Results
		2.1 Experimental Setup and Operation Principle
		2.2 Experimental Results
	3 Spectrum Denoising Based on Deep-learning
		3.1 Principles of the Denoising Method
		3.2 Denoising Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Textile Embedded with Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Pedestrian Bridge Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Set-Up
		2.1 Interrogation Method
		2.2 Procedures of Test
	3 Results Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Preliminary Case Study on the Dynamic Testing of a Masonry Arch Rail Bridge Using a Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing System
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Bridges
	3 Measurement
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Multiclass Damage Detection for Autonomous Post-disaster Reconnaissance Using Quantum Convolutional Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Proposed Method
	3 QCNN: An Extension of CNN for Image Classification Using Quantum Convolutional Filter
	4 Performance of QCNN and CNN Model
	5 Comparison with Various CNN Architectures
	6 Conclusion
	References
Integrated 3D Structural Element and Damage Identification: Dataset and Benchmarking
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed 3D Damage and Component Segmentation Method
	3 Proposed 3D Damage and Component Segmentation Method
	4 Enhanced 3D GNN for Bridge Damage and Component Segmentation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Spatio-Temporal Frequency Evaluation of a Railroad Bridge Considering Vehicle-Bridge Interaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Spatio-Temporal Frequency Analysis Approaches for VBI problems
		3.1 Analytical Eigenvalue Approach
		3.2 Numerical Solution Approach
		3.3 Fourier Fitting and Wave Propagation
		3.4 Time-frequency Analysis - MST
	4 MST Application for Spatio-temporal Frequency Evaluation
		4.1 Experimental Application
		4.2 Parametric Study of MST for Deep-learning Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Damage Evaluation in Earthquake Events by Nonlinearity Extraction from Video Data: Experiment Verification
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Farneback Optical Flow Method
		2.2 Nonlinearity Events Detection
	3 Experiment Verification
		3.1 Experiment Setup
		3.2 Shake Table Test
		3.3 Video Data Acquisition
	4 Experiment Results
		4.1 Dynamic Analysis Results
		4.2 Nonlinearity Events Detection Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Finite Element Modeling of Thin-Walled Steel Structural Members from 3D Point Clouds
	1 Introduction
	2 Point Cloud Data Acquisition
		2.1 Steel Member Specimens
		2.2 Results of Data Acquisitions
	3 Estimations of Neutral Planes of Configured Steel Plates
		3.1 Pre-processing of Point Clouds
		3.2 Segmentation of Configured Steel Plates
		3.3 Estimation of Neutral Planes
	4 Shell Element FE Model Construction and Validation
		4.1 Evaluation of Shell Element Model Geometry
		4.2 Validation of Constructed FE Model
	5 Data Acquisition in Actual Steel Plate-Girder Bridge
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Critical Analysis Based on the Comparison Between Traditional and Advanced Approaches to the Visual Inspection of Bridges and Viaducts
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General Notes About Visual Based Bridge Inspection
		1.2 Methods and Acquisition Systems
	2 Case Studies
		2.1 First Case Study: A Concrete Girder Bridge
		2.2 Second Case Study: A Mixed Box Girder Bridge
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions and Future Developments
	References
Author Index