Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures: Select Proceedings of the EVACES 2021 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 224)

Committees of EVACES 2021
Preface
Contents
Damage Identification and Structural Health Monitoring
Damage Assessment of Civil Structures Using Wave Propagation Analysis and Transmissibility Functions
	1 Introduction
	2 Wave Propagation Analysis Method
		2.1 Background
		2.2 Normalized-Input-Output-Minimization (NIOM)
	3 Transmissibility Relationship
		3.1 Transmissibility Function
		3.2 Damage Index
	4 Experimental Wave Propagation Analysis
		4.1 14-Story Reinforced Concrete (RC) Building
		4.2 Wave Propagation in the RC Building
		4.3 Wave Velocity
	5 Example of Damage Assessment
		5.1 64 m Long Pedestrian Bridge
		5.2 Damage Scenarios
		5.3 Wave Velocity
		5.4 Damage Index by Use of Transmissibility Functions
	6 Conclusion
	References
SHM Campaign on 138 Spans of Railway Viaducts by Means of OMA and Wireless Sensors Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Experimental Campaign
		2.1 General Framework
		2.2 Experimental Set up
	3 Signal Processing
		3.1 Time Domain Analysis
		3.2 Modal Analysis
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Damage on Vibration Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Deck Slabs in an Existing Steel Girder Bridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method and Analysis
		2.1 Bridge Description and Measurement Set up
		2.2 Random Decrement Technique (RD)
		2.3 Eigenvalue Realization Algorithm (ERA)
		2.4 Mode Shapes Based Criterion
		2.5 Finite Element Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Modal Parameters
		3.2 Mode Shape Based Criteria
		3.3 Stabilization Diagrams
		3.4 Amplitude Dependence of Damping Ratio
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Structural Health State by Monitoring Peridynamics Parameters in Operational Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Basic Theory
		2.2 Parameters Identification
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Impact Damage Identification Using Chirped Ultrasonic Guided Waves for Health Monitoring of CFRP Vehicle Structures
	1 Introduction
	2 Cross-Sectional Observation of Impact Damage Area
	3 Damage Detection in Various CFRP Plates Using Chirp Ultrasonic Waves
		3.1 Transfer Function Method
		3.2 Experiment Setup
		3.3 Relation Between the Damaged Area and ToF Delay in Various CFRP Plates
		3.4 Influence of Damage Shape to the ToF and the Amplitude of A0 Mode
	4 Conclusions
	References
Bayesian Model Updating of a Simply-Supported Truss Bridge Based on Dynamic Responses
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Bayesian Model Updating Method
		2.2 Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo
	3 Target Bridge and Vibration Test
		3.1 Target Bridge and FE Model
		3.2 Field Test and Damage Scenario
		3.3 Modal Identification
	4 Model Update
		4.1 Model Updating Scheme
		4.2 Case 1 Model: FE Model Considering Two Horizontal Springs, Four Vertical Springs, and Four Rotation Springs at Supports
		4.3 Case 2 Model: FE Model Considering Springs in the Longitudinal Direction at P1
		4.4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Vibration-Based Method for Structural Health Monitoring of a Bridge Pier Subjected to Environmental Loads
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoritical Background of Modal Analysis
		2.1 Transfer Function and Modal Parameters
		2.2 Output-Only System and Operational Modal Analysis
		2.3 Examples for Eigenfrequencies Identification
	3 Vibration-Based Monitoring of a Highway Bridge
		3.1 Presentation of the Monitoring
		3.2 Eigenvalue Decomposition of Signals for a Revisited Principal Component Analysis
		3.3 Results and Discussions About the Method
	4 Conclusions
	References
Damage Detection and Localization Using Autocorrelation Functions with Spatiotemporal Correlation
	1 Introduction
	2 Autocorrelation Functions
	3 Damage Detection and Localization in the Time Domain
	4 Numerical Example
		4.1 Time History Analysis
		4.2 Autocorrelation Function Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Optimization Study of Apparent Damage Recognition Algorithm of Bridge Underwater Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 Underwater Damage Identification
		2.1 Background
		2.2 Pretreatment Channel 1
		2.3 Pretreatment Channel 2
		2.4 Effect Comparison
		2.5 Image Recognition Based on CNN Network
		2.6 Semantic Segmentation Based on FCN Network
		2.7 Conditional Random Field Terminal Processing
		2.8 Recognition Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
The Value of Different Monitoring Systems in the Management of Scoured Bridges
	1 Introduction
	2 VOI Framework
		2.1 Bayesian Decision Theory
		2.2 Prior Decision Analysis
		2.3 Posterior and Pre-posterior Decision Analysis
		2.4 Value of Information
		2.5 Value of Perfect Information
		2.6 Implementation Aspects
	3 Demonstration Case Study
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Testing, Sensing, and Modeling
Vibration Measurements on a Cable-Stayed Cyclist Arch Bridge for Assessment of the Dynamic Behaviour
	1 Introduction
	2 Assessment of Wind-Induced Bridge Vibrations
	3 Measurement Setup
		3.1 Bridge Tegenbosch
		3.2 Cables
		3.3 Deck
	4 Data Evaluation
	5 Results
		5.1 Natural Frequencies and Damping Values
		5.2 Dynamic Phenomena
	6 Conclusions
	References
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of the Dynamic Behaviour of a Historic Suspension Footbridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Footbridge
	3 Ambient Vibration Testing
	4 Modal Identification of the Footbridge
	5 Finite Element Modeling of the Footbridge
	6 Conclusion
	References
Vision-Based Vibration Measurement of Stay-Cables by Video Motion Magnification and Dynamic Mode Decomposition
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Conventional Vibration Measurement Techniques
		1.2 Vision-Based Vibration Measurement
		1.3 Application to Full-Scale Monitoring of Stay-Cables
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Phase-Based Video Motion Magnification
		2.2 Extraction of Spatial Displacement by Discretized Centroid Searching Method
		2.3 Dynamic Mode Decomposition
	3 Experimental Verification
		3.1 Implementation of PVMM and DCSM
	4 Full-Scale Implementation
		4.1 Result of Measurement by LDV and Video Processing
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Fiber-Optic Ultrasonic Visualization Technique for Damage Detection in a 1000 °C Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasonic Visualization System
		2.1 System Configuration
		2.2 Principle of Ultrasonic Visualization
	3 Experiments of High-Temperature Laser Ultrasonic Visualization
	4 Conclusions
	References
Application of Regenerated Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors to Acoustic Emission Detection Under Elevated Temperature
	1 Introduction
	2 Regeneration of Fiber Bragg Grating and Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating
	3 Acoustic Sensing System with the RFBG and RPSFBG
	4 Simulated ae Detection Using rpsfbg at Elevated Temperatures
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigation of Galloping Susceptibility of U Beams with Different Flange Porosity
	1 Introduction
	2 Aerodynamic Models and Wind Tunnel Tests Description
	3 Methodology Used for Assesing Susceptibility to Galloping
	4 Wind Tunnel Tests Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Development of Sensor Unit for Extraction/Transmission of Only Peak Acceleration Response
	1 Introduction
	2 Developing the Sensor Unit for Extraction/Transmission of Peak Acceleration
		2.1 Concept of the Cyber-Based Sensing System
		2.2 Details of the Sensor Unit
	3 Experimental Verification with Full-Scale Model Building at d-Defense
	4 Implementation for Actual Buildings
	5 Conclusions
	References
Indirect Estimation Method of Bridge Displacement Under Moving Vehicle Based on Measured Acceleration
	1 Introduction
	2 Estimation Method of Bridge Dynamic Displacement Under Moving Vehicle Based on Measured Acceleration
		2.1 Framework and Implementation Process of the Proposed Method
		2.2 Principle of Acceleration Integration Based on Dynamic-Static Separation
		2.3 Principle of Multi-Round Baseline Correction
	3 Engineering Application and Experiment Verification
		3.1 Test Bridge and Dynamic Load Test Scheme
		3.2 Acquisition Implementation of Displacement Response Based on Acceleration
		3.3 Results Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
In-Situ Measurements for the Structural Monitoring of Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze (Italy): Preliminary Results of the Tribuna
	1 Introduction
	2 In-Situ Measurements
		2.1 The Tribuna
		2.2 Ambient Vibrations Set-Up
		2.3 Results of the Preliminary Experimental Campaign
	3 Numerical Modelling
	4 Conclusions
	References
Structural Monitoring of an Aerial Tramway System During Operation: Modeling and Simulation Strategy with Experimental Data Validation
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling
		2.1 Cable
		2.2 Vehicles
		2.3 Tracks Coupling
	3 Static Calculation
		3.1 Without Vehicles
		3.2 With Vehicles
	4 Experimental Validation
		4.1 Identification of β
		4.2 Identification of γ
	5 Conclusions
	References
Structural Modeling to Predict the Vibrations of a Footbridge Due to Pedestrian Movements
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Footbridge
	3 Vibration Tests
		3.1 Modal Tests
		3.2 Walk Tests
		3.3 Ground Reaction Force Tests
	4 Computer Model Updating
	5 Equivalent Damping Ratio for the HSI Effects
	6 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Vibration Serviceability of Two-Story Office Building: A Finite Element Modeling
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Idealization and Modeling
		2.1 Structure Concept
		2.2 Estimating Waking Induced Vibrations Using AISC Design Guide 11 [6]
		2.3 Finite Element Modeling
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Frequency Analysis
		3.2 Modal Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Vibration Isolation and Control
An Economical Multiple-Tuned Mass Damper to Control Floor Vibrations
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the MTMD and the Test Floor
	3 MTMD Design Parameters
	4 Walk and Bounce Tests
	5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Experimental Study of a Two-Degree-of Freedom Pendulum Controlled by a Non-smooth Nonlinear Energy Sink
	1 Introduction
	2 System
	3 Theoretical analysis
		3.1 Governing Equations of the System
		3.2 Assumptions
		3.3 Multiple Time Scales Method
		3.4 Analysis of the System at Fast Time Scale
		3.5 Analysis of the System at Slow Time Scale
	4 Reduced Model
	5 Test Results
		5.1 Pendulum Alone
		5.2 Horizontal Base Excitation
		5.3 Vertical Base Excitation
	6 Conclusions
	1. References
Hybrid Simulation for Seismic Isolation Effectiveness Assessment of HDR Bearings at Low Temperature
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Setup
		2.1 Test Specimen
		2.2 Test Apparatus
		2.3 Temperature Control
	3 Quasi-Static Loading
	4 Hybrid Simulation
		4.1 Hybrid Simulation Description
		4.2 Responses of the HDR Bearing and Pier
		4.3 Temperature and Energy Dissipation
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Model of Hysteresis Behavior of HDR Bearings
	1 Introduction
	2 Inner Temperature of HDR Bearing
		2.1 Inner Temperature Evaluation
		2.2 Comparison with Temperature Results in Hybrid Simulation
	3 Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Bilinear Model
	4 Parameter Identification by Cyclic Loading Test Data
	5 Comparison with Hybrid Simulation Test Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Research on Seismic Response of Single-Tower Cable-Stayed Bridge Across Faults
	1 Research on Characteristics of Near-Fault Ground Motion
	2 Seismic Response Analysis of Single Tower Cable-Stayed Bridge Across Faults
		2.1 Finite Element Model
		2.2 Effects of Velocity Pulse on the Seismic Response of the Structure
		2.3 Effects of Pulse Period on the Seismic Response of the Structure
		2.4 Effects of the Number of Pulses on the Seismic Response of the Structure
	3 Aseismic Design of Single-Tower Cable-Stayed Bridges Across Faults
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis on the Behavior of Seismic Retrofitting Steel Brace Based on Acceleration and Strain Response Measurements
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup And Methodology
		2.1 Measured Building
		2.2 Measurement System
		2.3 Structural Model
		2.4 Input Earthquake Measurements
		2.5 Fourier Analysis and Brace Axial Forces
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison Between Brace Axial Force Estimations from Interstory Drift and Strain Gauges
		3.2 Comparison Between Brace Axial Force Estimations from Strain Gauges and Brace End Displacements
	4 Conclusions
	References
System and Model Identification
Probabilistic Time-Variant Linear Finite Element Model Updating for Nonlinear Structural Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Damage Identification Based on Bayesian Time-Variant FE Model Updating
		2.1 Proposed Approach
		2.2 Linear Time-Varying System Identification
		2.3 Global Sensitivity Analysis
		2.4 Bayesian Finite Element Model Updating
	3 Application Example
		3.1 Description of the Structure and Nonlinear FE Model
		3.2 System Identification Results and Earthquake Excitation
		3.3 Linear FE Model
		3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
		3.5 Model Updating Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Ambient Vibration Based Modal Analysis and Cable Tension Estimation for a Cable-Stayed Bridge with Bayesian Approaches
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Basis
		2.1 Fast Bayesian FFT
		2.2 Modal Frequency Versus Cable Tension
		2.3 Bayesian Cable Tension Estimation
	3 Vibration Test on Cable-Stayed Bridge
		3.1 Field Experiment
		3.2 Operational Modal Analysis of Bridge
		3.3 Modal Analysis of Cables
		3.4 Estimation of Cable Tension
	4 Conclusions
	References
Tension Estimation Method for Cable with Damper and Its Application to Real Cable-Stayed Bridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Tension Estimation Method
		2.1 Higher-Order Vibration Method for a Cable Without a Damper
		2.2 Authors’ Method for a Cable with a Damper
	3 Numerical Simulations
	4 Laboratory Experiment
	5 Field Measurements
		5.1 Overview
		5.2 Tension Estimation Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Damping Ratio of Buildings Using Seismic Interferometry Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Fundamental Study Using a Homogeneous Model
		2.1 Reconstruction of Wave Field
		2.2 Fundamental Study Using a Homogeneous Model
		2.3 Extraction of Internal Attenuation from Transfer Function
		2.4 Analysis of Influences to Internal Attenuation
	3 Analysis Using a Two-Layer Model
	4 Analysis Using a Heterogeneous Model
	5 Conclusions
	References
Structural Parameter Identification of a Reinforced Concrete Frame Using Constrained Unscented Kalman Filter
	1 Introduction
	2 UKF for Parameter Identification
		2.1 Standard UKF
		2.2 Constrained UKF
	3 Application
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Response Evaluation of an Existing Bridge Structure Based on Finite Element Modeling
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Target Bridge System
		2.1 Structural and Geometric Configuration
		2.2 Numerical Modeling
		2.3 Modal Characteristics
		2.4 Non-Linear Time History Analysis
	3 Dynamic Response Evaluation
		3.1 Structural Components Response
	4 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Bridge Components
	5 Conclusions
	References
A New Attempt at Estimating Natural Vibration and Bending Deformation Characteristics of Super High-Rise Buildings Using Wave Interferometry
	1 Introduction
	2 Relationship Between Propagation Time and Fundamental Period
		2.1 Examination Using Homogeneous Building Model
		2.2 Examination Using Heterogeneous Building Model
		2.3 Examination Using Generic Models of Super High-Rise Buildings
	3 Effect of Bending Component in Wave Interferometry
	4 Calculation of Bending Shear Ratio Based on Propagation Time
	5 Conclusions
	References
Structural Damage Identification Using Spectral Finite Element Modeling for Extended Timoshenko Beams
	1 Introduction
	2 Spectral Element Formulation
		2.1 Finite Length Element
		2.2 Throw-Off (Semi-Infinite) Element
	3 Cracked Extended Timoshenko Beam
		3.1 Flexibilities at the Crack Region
	4 Numerical Investigations
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Study on Identification of Structural Changes Using Wavelet Energy Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Theories and Methodology
		2.1 WPT Energy-Based Damage Sensitive Feature
		2.2 Backpropagation (BP) Neural Network
		2.3 WPT Energy and Neural Network Integrated (WPNE-NN) Approach
	3 Experimental Investigations
		3.1 Laboratory Set up
		3.2 Free Ended I Beam
		3.3 Flat Beam with Fixed Ends
		3.4 MX3D Bridge
	4 Conclusions
	References
Identification of the Dynamic Properties of the Residential Tower New Orleans
	1 Introduction
	2 Measurement Setup
	3 Data Analysis
		3.1 Frequency Domain Decomposition
		3.2 Mode Shape Scaling
		3.3 Modal Assurance Criterion
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Orthogonal Modes
		4.2 Dominant Direction
	5 Conclusion
	References
Coupled Dynamical Systems
Response Spectrum Method for Vehicle-Induced Bridge Vibration Serviceability Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle Dynamic Load
	3 Derivation of Response Spectrum
		3.1 Generalized Single-Degree-of-Freedom System
		3.2 System Input Considering Moving Effect
		3.3 Representative Vehicle-Induced Response Spectra
	4 Mathematical Model of Design Spectrum
	5 Factors Affecting the Design Spectrum
		5.1 Pavement Roughness
		5.2 Driving Speed
	6 Application Procedure of the Response Spectrum Method
	7 Conclusions
	References
A Railway Vibration Simulation Considering Contact Conditions Between Structures and Ground
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Interaction Analysis of Structures and Ground
		2.1 Outline of Analysis Model
		2.2 Conventional Contact Conditions
		2.3 Improved Contact Conditions
		2.4 Analysis Conditions
	3 Results and Consideration
		3.1 Contact Conditions and Ground Responses
		3.2 Contact Conditions and Responses of Structures
	4 Conclusion
	Reference
Vortex Induced Vibration Analysis of a Triangle Prism at Different Velocities
	1 Introduction
	2 Procedure for Simulation
		2.1 Specifications
		2.2 ANSYS Fluent and Mesh Setup
		2.3 Schematic View of VIVACE Converter
	3 Simulation Results of 1–3
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Simulation Results
		4.2 Establishing a Power Estimation Theory
		4.3 Design Recommendations for VIVACE Power Plant
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of the Deterioration Degree of the Backside Weak Zone on the Seismic Response of the Tunnel and Surrounding Ground
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Shaking Table Apparatus
		2.2 Tunnel Model
		2.3 Model Ground and Weak Zone Preparation
		2.4 Particle Image Velocimetry
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ground Response
		3.2 Tunnel Response
	4 Conclusions
	References
Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Machine Learning Enhanced Nonlinear Model Parameter Selection from HDR-S Cyclic Loading Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
	3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model Training
		3.1 Data Generation
		3.2 Data Normalization
		3.3 Numerically Simulated Data
		3.4 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model
	4 ANN Model Evaluation
		4.1 Loss Functions
		4.2 Validation
	5 HDR-S Loading Test Data Nonlinear Parameter Prediction
		5.1 ANN Model Prediction
		5.2 ANN Model and KH Method
		5.3 KH Method
	6 Conclusion
	References
Autonomous Multiple Damage Detection and Segmentation in Structures Using Mask R-CNN
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Information and Related Works
		2.1 Machine Learning Based Damage Detection
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Backbone
		3.2 Region Proposal Network
		3.3 ROIAlign
		3.4 Network Heads
		3.5 Loss Function
		3.6 Transfer Learning
		3.7 Data Augmentation
	4 Dataset Preparation and Training Details
		4.1 Dataset Preparation
		4.2 Data Annotation
		4.3 Training Details
	5 Result and Discussion
		5.1 Result
		5.2 Future Works
	6 Conclusions
	References
Nonlinear Model Classification of HDR-S Bearing Under Low Temperature Using Artificial Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
	3 Nonlinear Models
		3.1 Bilinear Model
		3.2 Modified Bilinear Model
		3.3 Bouc-Wen Model
		3.4 Modified Park-Wen Model
	4 Training of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model
		4.1 Data Generation
		4.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model
	5 ANN Model Evaluation
	6 HDR-S Cyclic Loading Test Data
	7 HDR-S Bearing Nonlinear Model Evaluation
	8 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Top-View Transformation and Image Stitching of In-Vehicle Smartphone Camera for Road Crack Evaluation
	1 Introduction
	2 Top-View Transformation
		2.1 Transformation Principle
		2.2 Proposed Top-View Transformation
	3 Parameter Identification
		3.1 Horizontal Manhole Axis Condition (φ)
		3.2 Parallel Lane Line Condition (F)
		3.3 Circular Manhole Condition (φ)
		3.4 Vertical Lane Line Condition (x-x0(d))
	4 Image Stitching
		4.1 Feature Detection and Description
		4.2 Feature Matching
		4.3 Image Registration
		4.4 Image Reconstruction and Stitching
	5 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of Damage in Composite Beams with Wavelet Packet Node Energy Features and Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 General Effects of Flexural and Shear Link Damage on Stiffness Distribution, Modal Frequencies and Mode Shapes
	3 Overview of Wavelet Packet Transformation and WPNE Features
		3.1 Wavelet Packet Transform
		3.2 Wavelet Packet Component Energy
	4 Using WPNE Based Neural Network for Identification of Damage in Composite Beams
		4.1 Damage Assessment Procedure
		4.2 Numerical Simulation Study on Composite Beam
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Scalable and Probabilistic Point-Cloud Generation for UAS-Based Structural Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 Point Cloud Extraction
		2.2 Point Cloud Registration
		2.3 Comparison of Points Clouds with Different Workflows
		2.4 Comparison of Points Clouds with Different Motion Scenarios
	3 Results
		3.1 Comparision of Different Workflows
		3.2 Comparision of Different Motion Scenarios
	4 Conclusions
	References
Drive-By Technology
Drive-By Detection of Midspan Cracking and Changing Boundary Conditions in Bridges
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Modelling Approach
		2.1 Modelling Vehicle-Bridge Interaction
		2.2 Modelling Bridge Damage
		2.3 Artificial Neural Network and Damage Detection Algorithm
	3 Damage Detection Using Artificial Neural Network
		3.1 Numerical Testing Approach
		3.2 Detection of Individual Damage Scenarios
		3.3 Combined Cracking and Seized Bearings
		3.4 Detection When Cracking Has Occurred Prior to Monitoring
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Load Carrying Capacity and Vibration Characteristics of PC Box Girders with Damage
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Method
		2.1 Target PC Box Girders
		2.2 Static Loading and Vibration Experiments
		2.3 Static Loading Step
		2.4 Identification of Modal Parameters Using FRF
	3 Result of Static Loading Experiment
		3.1 Load–displacement Curve
		3.2 Energy
	4 Result of Vibration Experiment
	5 Comparison of Bridge Performance and Vibration Characteristics
	6 Conclusions
	References
The Validation of Sensor On-Vehicle for Evaluation of Actual Bridges with Signal Processing
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Theorem
		2.1 Vehicle Model and Spatial Singular Mode Angle
	3 Experiment on Actual Bridge
	4 Analysis and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Inverse Analysis for Road Roughness Profile Identification Utilizing Acceleration of a Moving Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Road Profile Identification Method
		2.1 Discrete-Time Linear State-Space Model
		2.2 Dynamic Regularized Least Square Minimization
		2.3 Kalman Filter
	3 Field Experiment and Road Roughness Profile Identification
		3.1 Experiment
		3.2 Road Roughness Profile Identification
		3.3 Power Spectral Density and IRI
	4 Conclusions
	References
Damage Free and Resilience for Seismic Disaster
Rheological Model and Parameter Identification of a Kinetic Sand Used as a Smart Damping Material
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Beam with a Sand Core
		2.2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Investigation on Longitudinal Forces on Bridges of Indian Railways
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Development of the Numerical Model
		3.1 Load Application by User Subroutine
		3.2 Fastening System and Contact Interaction
		3.3 Boundary Conditions
		3.4 Verification of User-Subroutine Loading Method
	4 Experimental Study
	5 Integrated Bridge Model
		5.1 FE Model Overview
		5.2 Boundary Conditions and Loading Procedure
		5.3 Results of Dynamic Simulation
	6 Summary and Conclusion
		6.1 Summary
		6.2 Conclusion
		6.3 Future Scope
	References
Monitoring-Based MBS-FEM Analysis Scheme for Wind-Vehicle-Bridge Interaction System and Experimental Validation
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle-Bridge System in MBS-FEM
		2.1 MBS-FEM Combine Method
		2.2 Bridge Model and Setting
		2.3 Vehicle Model and Double Dummy Method
		2.4 Wind Force on the Vehicle
	3 Methodology of the Monitoring-Based Approach
		3.1 Vehicle Motion Equation
		3.2 Monitoring-Based Approach in MBS-FEM
	4 Experiment Validation
		4.1 MBS-FEM Method Experimental Validation by Tsukige Bridge
		4.2 MBS-FEM Monitoring-Based Method Validation by Chongqi Bridge
	5 Conclusions
	References