Experience Psychology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
About the Author......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
1 The Science of Psychology......Page 26
1 Defining Psychology and Exploring Its Roots......Page 27
The Psychological Frame of Mind......Page 28
Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior......Page 29
Psychology in Historical Perspective......Page 31
2 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology......Page 33
The Psychodynamic Approach......Page 34
The Evolutionary Approach......Page 35
Summing up the Seven Contemporary Approaches......Page 36
3 Psychology’s Scientific Method......Page 38
Descriptive Research......Page 42
Correlational Research......Page 45
Experimental Research......Page 48
INTERSECTION: Personality, Developmental, and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Why Do We Grow Up, Psychologically?......Page 49
Applications of the Three Types of Research......Page 53
The Research Sample......Page 54
The Research Setting......Page 55
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Global Science of Happiness......Page 56
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are We Truly “Ourselves” Online and Does It Matter?......Page 58
Ethics Guidelines......Page 59
The Ethics of Research with Animals......Page 60
The Place of Values in Psychological Research......Page 61
Encountering Psychology in Everyday Life......Page 62
Appreciating Psychology as the Science of You......Page 63
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 65
2 The Brain and Behavior......Page 66
Characteristics of the Nervous System......Page 67
Pathways in the Nervous System......Page 68
Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 69
Specialized Cell Structure......Page 71
The Neural Impulse......Page 72
Synapses and Neurotransmitters......Page 74
3 Structures of the Brain and Their Functions......Page 79
How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System......Page 80
How the Brain Is Organized......Page 82
INTERSECTION: Neuroscience and Environmental Psychology: How Does Spending Time in Nature Affect the Brain?......Page 83
The Cerebral Cortex......Page 88
The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research......Page 91
Integration of Function in the Brain......Page 94
4 The Endocrine System......Page 95
The Brain’s Plasticity and Capacity for Repair......Page 97
Brain Tissue Implants......Page 98
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Protecting the Athlete’s Brain......Page 99
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA......Page 100
The Study of Genetics......Page 101
Genes and the Environment......Page 104
SUMMARY......Page 106
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 107
3 Sensation and Perception......Page 108
The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception......Page 109
Sensory Receptors and the Brain......Page 111
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Does a Cell Phone Look Like a Gun?......Page 112
Thresholds......Page 115
Perceiving Sensory Stimuli......Page 117
2 The Visual System......Page 120
The Visual Stimulus and the Eye......Page 121
Visual Processing in the Brain......Page 124
Color Vision......Page 126
Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy......Page 128
Structures and Functions of the Ear......Page 134
Theories of Hearing......Page 137
Localizing Sound......Page 138
4 Other Senses......Page 139
The Skin Senses......Page 140
INTERSECTION: Sensation and Social Psychology: Why Do Some People Literally Feel What Others Feel?......Page 141
The Chemical Senses......Page 142
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Why Salt Is the Salt of the Earth......Page 144
The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses......Page 145
SUMMARY......Page 147
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 148
4 States of Consciousness......Page 149
1 The Nature of Consciousness......Page 150
Theory of Mind......Page 151
Levels of Awareness......Page 152
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are There Benefits to Mind Wandering?......Page 154
Biological Rhythms and Sleep......Page 156
Why Do We Need Sleep?......Page 158
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 159
Sleep Throughout the Life Span......Page 162
INTERSECTION: Sleep and Neuroscience: Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Neurons?......Page 163
Sleep and Disease......Page 164
Sleep Disorders......Page 165
Dreams......Page 167
Uses of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 169
Types of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 171
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Responding to the Opioid Crisis......Page 176
The Nature of Hypnosis......Page 181
Explaining Hypnosis......Page 182
Uses of Hypnosis......Page 183
Mindfulness Meditation......Page 184
Lovingkindness Meditation......Page 185
Getting Started with Meditation......Page 186
SUMMARY......Page 187
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 188
5 Learning......Page 189
1 Types of Learning......Page 190
Pavlov’s Studies......Page 192
Classical Conditioning in Humans......Page 196
INTERSECTION: Learning and Health Psychology: Can Classical Conditioning Help Combat Obesity?......Page 198
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing Between the Lines......Page 200
3 Operant Conditioning......Page 201
Thorndike’s Law of Effect......Page 202
Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning......Page 203
Principles of Reinforcement......Page 204
Applied Behavior Analysis......Page 211
4 Observational Learning......Page 212
Purposive Behavior......Page 215
Insight Learning......Page 216
Biological Constraints......Page 218
Psychological Constraints......Page 220
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Learning Styles Matter to Learning?......Page 221
SUMMARY......Page 223
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 224
6 Memory......Page 225
1 The Nature of Memory......Page 226
INTERSECTION: Cognitive Psychology and Developmental Psychology: How Does Reminiscing Affect Our Relationships and Our Development?......Page 227
Levels of Processing......Page 228
Elaboration......Page 229
Imagery......Page 230
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Is the Pen Mightier Than the Keyboard?......Page 231
3 Memory Storage......Page 232
Sensory Memory......Page 233
Short-Term Memory......Page 234
Long-Term Memory......Page 237
4 Memory Retrieval......Page 244
Serial Position Effect......Page 245
Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task......Page 246
Special Cases of Retrieval......Page 247
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Using Psychological Research to Improve Police Lineups......Page 252
Encoding Failure......Page 254
Retrieval Failure......Page 255
Organizing, Encoding, Rehearsing, and Retrieving Course Content......Page 258
Autobiographical Memory and the Life Story......Page 260
Keeping Memory Sharp......Page 261
SUMMARY......Page 262
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 264
7 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language......Page 265
1 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology......Page 266
2 Thinking......Page 268
Concepts......Page 269
Problem Solving......Page 270
Reasoning and Decision Making......Page 271
Thinking Critically and Creatively......Page 277
3 Intelligence......Page 279
Measuring Intelligence......Page 280
INTERSECTION: Cognitive and Health Psychology: Does Thinking Fast Relate to Living Longer?......Page 283
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence......Page 284
Extremes of Intelligence......Page 287
Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 289
4 Language......Page 291
Language and Cognition......Page 292
Biological and Environmental Influences on Language......Page 295
Language Development over the Life Span......Page 298
SUMMARY......Page 301
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 302
8 Human Development......Page 303
Research Methods in Developmental Psychology......Page 304
Do Early Experiences Rule Us for Life?......Page 305
Nature, Nurture, and You......Page 306
Three Domains of Development......Page 307
Prenatal Physical Development......Page 308
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood......Page 310
Physical Development in Adolescence......Page 313
Physical Development in Adulthood......Page 315
Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood......Page 318
Cognitive Processes in Adulthood......Page 325
Socioemotional Development in Infancy......Page 327
Erikson’s Theory of Socioemotional Development......Page 329
5 Gender Development......Page 337
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Human Identities and the Changing Gender Landscape......Page 338
Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development......Page 339
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development......Page 340
6 Moral Development......Page 341
Critics of Kohlberg......Page 342
Moral Development in a Socioemotional Context......Page 343
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Children Natural Helpers?......Page 344
Terror Management Theory: A Cultural Shield against Mortality......Page 345
Bonanno’s Theory of Grieving......Page 346
8 Active Development as a Lifelong Process......Page 347
SUMMARY......Page 348
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 349
9 Motivation and Emotion......Page 350
The Evolutionary Approach......Page 351
Optimum Arousal Theory......Page 352
The Biology of Hunger......Page 354
Obesity......Page 356
The Biology of Sex......Page 357
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s on the Menu and Why It Matters......Page 358
Cognitive and Sensory/Perceptual Factors in Sexuality......Page 359
Cultural Factors in Sexuality......Page 360
Sexual Behavior and Orientation......Page 361
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs......Page 367
Self-Determination Theory......Page 368
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation......Page 370
Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals......Page 371
INTERSECTION: Motivation and Neuroscience: Can We See Intrinsic Motivation in the Brain?......Page 372
Biological Factors in Emotion......Page 373
Cognitive Factors in Emotion......Page 377
Behavioral Factors in Emotion......Page 378
Sociocultural Factors in Emotion......Page 379
Classifying Emotions......Page 381
Adaptive Functions of Emotions......Page 382
Biological Factors in Happiness......Page 383
Happiness Activities and Goal Striving......Page 384
SUMMARY......Page 386
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 387
10 Personality......Page 388
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 389
Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists......Page 393
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s Your Type?......Page 395
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives......Page 396
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does Birth Order Matter to Personality?......Page 397
Maslow’s Approach......Page 398
Rogers’s Approach......Page 399
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives......Page 400
Trait Theories......Page 401
The Five-Factor Model of Personality......Page 402
INTERSECTION: Personality and Sleep Science: Are You a Morning Person or an Evening Person and Does It Matter?......Page 406
4 Social Cognitive Perspectives......Page 408
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory......Page 409
Mischel’s Contributions......Page 410
5 Biological Perspectives......Page 413
Theories Linking Personality and the Brain......Page 414
Personality and Behavioral Genetics......Page 416
Evaluating the Biological Perspectives......Page 417
Self-Report Tests......Page 418
Projective Tests......Page 420
Other Assessment Methods......Page 421
SUMMARY......Page 423
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 424
11 Social Psychology......Page 425
Features of Social Psychology......Page 426
Person Perception......Page 428
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do We Look Like Our Names?......Page 431
Attribution......Page 432
The Self as a Social Object and Social Comparison......Page 433
Attitudes......Page 434
Persuasion......Page 436
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Making the Sale!......Page 437
Altruism......Page 438
Aggression......Page 441
Attraction......Page 445
Love......Page 446
Models of Close Relationships......Page 447
Conformity and Obedience......Page 448
Group Influence......Page 452
Social Identity......Page 455
Prejudice......Page 456
Improving Intergroup Relations......Page 459
INTERSECTION: Social Psychology and Health Psychology: What Is the Physical and Psychological Cost of Prejudice and Discrimination?......Page 460
SUMMARY......Page 462
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 463
12 Psychological Disorders......Page 464
Three Criteria of Abnormal Behavior......Page 465
Culture, Context, and the Meaning of Abnormal Behavior......Page 466
Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders......Page 467
Classifying Abnormal Behavior......Page 468
Final Terms and Cautions......Page 469
Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 470
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 474
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Adults Develop ADHD?......Page 476
3 Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders......Page 477
Panic Disorder......Page 478
Specific Phobia......Page 479
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 481
OCD-Related Disorders......Page 482
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 483
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Sexual Victimization on Campus......Page 485
Dissociative Disorders......Page 486
INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Psychology: How Does PTSD Affect Autobiographical Memory?......Page 487
Depressive Disorders......Page 490
Bipolar Disorder......Page 493
6 Eating Disorders......Page 494
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 495
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Causes and Treatments......Page 496
Binge-Eating Disorder: Causes and Treatments......Page 497
Symptoms of Schizophrenia......Page 498
Causes of Schizophrenia......Page 500
8 Personality Disorders......Page 503
Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 504
Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 505
9 Suicide......Page 506
Consequences of Stigma......Page 509
SUMMARY......Page 511
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 513
13 Therapies......Page 514
The Biological Approach to Therapy......Page 515
The Sociocultural Approach to Therapy......Page 517
Central Issues in Psychotherapy......Page 518
Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 520
Humanistic Therapies......Page 522
INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology: Can Authentic Interactions Help Those with Social Anxiety?......Page 523
Behavior Therapies......Page 524
Cognitive Therapies......Page 525
Therapy Integrations......Page 528
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Seeking Therapy? There Is Probably an App for That......Page 529
Drug Therapy......Page 530
Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 532
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Antidepressants Better Than Placebos?......Page 533
Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 535
Psychosurgery......Page 536
Group Therapy......Page 537
Self-Help Support Groups......Page 538
Community Mental Health......Page 539
Cultural Perspectives......Page 540
SUMMARY......Page 541
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 542
14 Health Psychology......Page 543
1 Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine......Page 544
Connections between Mind and Body......Page 545
The Stages of Change Model......Page 546
Motivation......Page 550
Social Relationships......Page 551
Religious Faith......Page 552
Personality Characteristics......Page 553
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: How Powerful Is the Power of Positive Thinking?......Page 555
Stress and Its Stages......Page 556
Stress and the Immune System......Page 557
Stress and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 558
Stress and Cancer......Page 559
Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress......Page 560
Strategies for Successful Coping......Page 561
Stress Management Programs......Page 562
INTERSECTION: Health Psychology and Emotion: How Do Negative Feelings Fit in the Healthy Life?......Page 563
Becoming Physically Active......Page 564
Eating Right......Page 566
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Environments That Support Active Lifestyles......Page 568
Practicing Safe Sex......Page 569
6 Psychology and Your Good Life......Page 571
SUMMARY......Page 572
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 573
Glossary......Page 574
References......Page 583
Name Index......Page 648
Subject Index......Page 662