Experience Human Development

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
part 1 About Human Development
	chapter 1 The Study of Human Development
		Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field
			Studying the Life Span
			Human Development Today
		The Study of Human Development: Basic Concepts
			Domains of Development
			Periods of the Life Span
		Influences on Development
			Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
			Contexts of Development
			Normative and Nonnormative Influences
			Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
		The Life-Span Developmental Approach
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Immigrant Families
		Research in Action Baby Talk
	chapter 2 Theory and Research
		Basic Theoretical Issues
			Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
			Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
		Theoretical Perspectives
			Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
			Perspective 2: Learning
			Perspective 3: Cognitive
			Perspective 4: Contextual
			Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
		Research Methods
			Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Sampling
			Forms of Data Collection
			Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Basic Research Designs
			Developmental Research Designs
		Ethics of Research
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research
part 2 Beginnings
	chapter 3 Forming a New Life
		Conceiving New Life
			How Fertilization Takes Place
			What Causes Multiple Births?
		Mechanisms of Heredity
			The Genetic Code
			What Determines Sex?
			Patterns of Genetic Transmission
			Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Genetic Counseling and Testing
		Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment
			Studying Heredity and Environment
			How Heredity and Environment Work Together
			Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment
		Prenatal Development
			Stages of Prenatal Development
			Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors
			Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors
		Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
			Disparities in Prenatal Care
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Epigenetics: Identical Twins That Aren’t Identical
		Window on the World Prenatal Care around the World
	chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years
		Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed
		The Birth Process
			Stages of Childbirth
			Electronic Fetal Monitoring
			Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
			Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
		The Newborn Baby
			Size and Appearance
			Body Systems
			Medical and Behavioral Assessment
			States of Arousal
		Complications of Childbirth
			Low Birth Weight
			Postmaturity
			Stillbirth
		Survival and Health
			Infant Mortality
			Immunization for Better Health
		Early Physical Development
			Principles of Development
			Growth Patterns
			Nutrition
			The Brain and Reflex Behavior
			Early Sensory Capacities
		Motor Development
			Milestones of Motor Development
			Motor Development and Perception
			Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory of Perception
			How Motor Development Occurs: Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory
			Cultural Influences on Motor Development
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Malnutrition: The First 1,000 Days
		Research in Action Autism
	chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
		Studying Cognitive Development
		Behaviorist Approach
			Classical and Operant Conditioning
			Infant Memory
		Psychometric Approach
			Testing Infants and Toddlers
			Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment
			Early Intervention
		Piagetian Approach
			Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
			Imitation
			Object Concept
			Symbolic Development, Pictorial Competence, and Understanding of Scale
			Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
		Information-Processing Approach
			Habituation
			Tools of Infant Research
			Perceptual Processes
			Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
			Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities
			Evaluating Information-Processing Research
		Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
		Social-Contextual Approach
		Language Development
			Sequence of Early Language Development
			Characteristics of Early Speech
			Variations In Language Development
			Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate
			Influences on Early Language Development
			Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Infants, Toddlers, and TV
		Window on the World Literacy and Children’s Books
	chapter 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
		Foundations of Psychosocial Development
			Emotions
			Temperament
			Early Social Experiences: the Family
			Gender
		Developmental Issues in Infancy
			Developing Trust
			Developing Attachments
			Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation
			Social Referencing
		Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
			The Emerging Sense of Self
			Development of Autonomy
			Moral Development: Socialization and Internalization
		Relationships with Other Children
			Siblings
			Peers
		Children of Working Parents
			Effects of Maternal Employment
			Early Child Care
		Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect
			Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
			Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
			Helping Families in Trouble
			Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Postpartum Depression and Early Development
		Window on the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary?
part 3 Early Childhood
	chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Aspects of Physical Development
			Bodily Growth and Change
			Sleep Patterns and Problems
			Brain Development
			Motor Skills
		Health and Safety
			Obesity
			Undernutrition
			Food Allergies
			Oral Health
			Deaths and Accidental Injuries
			Health in Context: Environmental Influences
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Child
			Advances of Preoperational Thought
			Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
			Theory of Mind
		Information-Processing Approach: Memory
			Basic Processes and Capacities
			Recognition and Recall
			Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories
		Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
			Traditional Psychometric Measures
			Influences on Measured Intelligence
			Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory
		Language Development
			Vocabulary
			Grammar and Syntax
			Pragmatics and Social Speech
			Private Speech
			Delayed Language Development
			Preparation for Literacy
			Media and Cognition
		Early Childhood Education
			Types of Preschools
			Compensatory Preschool Programs
			The Child in Kindergarten
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Food Security
		Window on the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life
	chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
		The Developing Self
			The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development
			Self-Esteem
			Regulating Emotions
			Understanding Emotions
			Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
		Gender
			Gender Differences
			Perspectives on Gender Development
		Play
			Cognitive Levels of Play
			The Social Dimension of Play
			Gender and Play
			Culture and Play
		Parenting
			Forms of Discipline
			Parenting Styles
			Special Behavioral Concerns
		Relationships with Other Children
			Sibling Relationships
			The Only Child
			Playmates and Friends
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action The Adaptive Nature of Play
		Window on the World Age Segregation versus Mixed-Age Play
part 4 Middle Childhood
	chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Aspects of Physical Development
			Height and Weight
			Tooth Development and Dental Care
			Nutrition
			Sleep
			Brain Development
			Motor Development and Physical Activity
		Health, Fitness, and Safety
			Obesity and Body Image
			Other Medical Conditions
			Accidental Injuries
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child
			Cognitive Advances
		Information-Processing Approach: Planning, Attention, and Memory
			The Development of Executive Functioning
			Selective Attention
			Working Memory
			The Development of Memory Strategies
		Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence
			The IQ Controversy
			Influences on Intelligence (IQ)
			Is There More Than One Intelligence?
			Other Directions in Intelligence Testing
		Language and Literacy
			Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
			Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication
			Second-Language Learning
			Becoming Literate
		The Child in School
			Influences on School Achievement
		Educating Children with Special Needs
			Children with Learning Problems
			Gifted Children
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Barbie Dolls and Girls’ Body Image
		Window on the World Culture and IQ
	chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
		The Developing Self
			Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems
			Representational Systems
			Industry versus Inferiority
			Emotional Growth
		The Child in the Family
			Family Atmosphere
			Family Structure
			Sibling Relationships
		The Child in the Peer Group
			Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations
			Gender and Peer Groups
			Popularity
			Friendship
			Aggression and Bullying
		Mental Health
			Common Emotional Problems
			Treatment Techniques
			Resilience
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Bullying: A Worldwide Problem
		Research in Action Children’s Experiences with Terrorist Attacks
part 5 Adolescence
	chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Adolescence: A Developmental Transition
			Adolescence as a Social Construction
			Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Puberty
			How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes
			Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity
			Implications of Pubertal Timing
		The Adolescent Brain
		Physical and Mental Health
			Physical Activity
			Sleep Needs and Problems
			Nutrition and Eating Disorders
			Use and Abuse of Drugs
			Depression
			Death in Adolescence
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
			Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations
			Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought
			Language Development
			Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory
			An Ethic of Care: Gilligan’s Theory
			Prosocial Behavior
		Educational and Vocational Issues
			Influences on School Achievement
			Dropping Out of High School
			Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Culture and Cognition
		Research in Action Teens and Media Multitasking
	chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
		The Search for Identity
			Identity versus Identity Confusion
			Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment
			Gender Differences in Identity Formation
			Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation
		Sexuality
			Sexual Orientation and Identity
			Sexual Behavior
			Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
			Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing
		Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Society
			The Myth of Adolescent Rebellion
			Adolescents and Parents
			Adolescents and Siblings
			Adolescents and Peers
		Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
			Biological Influences
			Environmental Influences
			Long-Term Prospects
			Preventing and Treating Delinquency
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Culture and Discretionary Time
		Research in Action Teen Dating and Technology
part 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood
	chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
		Emerging Adulthood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Health and Fitness
			Health Status and Health Issues
			Genetic Influences on Health
			Behavioral Influences on Health and Fitness
			Indirect Influences on Health
			Mental Health Problems
		Sexual and Reproductive Issues
			Sexual Behavior and Attitudes
			Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
			Menstrual Disorders
			Infertility
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Perspectives on Adult Cognition
			Beyond Piaget: New Ways of Thinking in Adulthood
			Schaie: A Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development
			Sternberg: Insight and Know-How
			Emotional Intelligence
		Moral Reasoning
			Culture and Moral Reasoning
			Gender and Moral Reasoning
		Education and Work
			The College Transition
			Entering the World of Work
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Internet Use around the World
		Research in Action In Vitro Fertilization
	chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
		Emerging Adulthood: Patterns and Tasks
			Varied Paths to Adulthood
			Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood
			Developing Adult Relationships with Parents
		Personality Development: Four Views
			Normative-Stage Models
			Timing-of-Events Model
			Trait Models: Costa and McCrae’s Five Factors
			Typological Models
		Foundations of Intimate Relationships
			Friendship
			Love
		Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles
			Single Life
			Gay and Lesbian Relationships
			Cohabitation
			Marriage
		Parenthood
			Men’s and Women’s Involvement in Parenthood
			Parenthood and Marital Satisfaction
			Dual-Income Families
		When Marriage Ends
			Divorce
			Remarriage and Stepparenthood
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Popular Wedding Traditions across Cultures
		Research in Action Intimate Partner Violence
part 7 Middle Adulthood
	chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
		Middle Age: A Social Construct
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Physical Changes
			Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning
			The Brain at Midlife
			Structural and Systemic Changes
			Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning
		Physical and Mental Health
			Health Trends at Midlife
			Behavioral Influences on Health
			Socioeconomic Status and Health
			Race/Ethnicity and Health
			Gender and Health
			Stress in Middle Age
			Emotions and Health
			Mental Health
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Measuring Cognitive Abilities in Middle Age
			Schaie: The Seattle Longitudinal Study
			Horn and Cattell: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
		The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition
			The Role of Expertise
			Integrative Thought
		Creativity
			Characteristics of Creative Achievers
			Creativity and Age
		Work and Education
			Work and Retirement Age
			Work and Cognitive Development
			The Mature Learner
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Differences in Menopause
		Research in Action Andropause and Testosterone Replacement Therapy
	chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
		Looking at the Life Course in Middle Age
		Change at Midlife: Theoretical Approaches
			Trait Models
			Normative-Stage Models
			Timing of Events: The Social Clock
		The Self at Midlife: Issues and Themes
			Is There a Midlife Crisis?
			Identity Development
			Psychological Well-Being and Positive Mental Health
		Relationships at Midlife
			Theories of Social Contact
			Relationships, Gender, and Quality of Life
		Consensual Relationships
			Marriage
			Cohabitation
			Divorce
			Marital Status, Well-Being, and Health
			Gay and Lesbian Relationships
			Friendships
		Relationships with Maturing Children
			Adolescent Children
			When Children Leave: The Empty Nest
			Parenting Grown Children
		Other Kinship Ties
			Relationships with Aging Parents
			Relationships with Siblings
			Grandparenthood
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Midlife Career Change
		Window on the World The Global “Sandwich Generation”
part 8 Late Adulthood
	chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
		Old Age Today
			The Graying of the Population
			Young Old to Oldest Old
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Longevity and Aging
			Trends and Factors in Life Expectancy
			Why People Age
			How Far Can the Life Span Be Extended?
		Physical Changes
			Organic and Systemic Changes
			The Aging Brain
			Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning
			Sleep
			Sexual Functioning
		Physical and Mental Health
			Health Status
			Chronic Conditions and Disabilities
			Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity
			Mental and Behavioral Problems
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Aspects of Cognitive Development
			Intelligence and Processing Abilities
			Memory and Aging
			Wisdom
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Elder Care Worldwide
		Research in Action The Oldest Old
	chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
		Theory and Research on Personality Development
			Erik Erikson: Normative Issues and Tasks
			The Five-Factor Model: Personality Traits in Old Age
		Well-Being in Late Adulthood
			Coping and Mental Health
			Models of “Successful,” or “Optimal,” Aging
		Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging
			Work and Retirement
			How Do Older Adults Fare Financially?
			Living Arrangements
		Personal Relationships in Late Life
			Theories of Social Contact and Social Support
			The Importance of Social Relationships
			The Multigenerational Family
		Marital Relationships
			Long-Term Marriage
			Widowhood
			Divorce and Remarriage
		Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships
			Single Life
			Cohabitation
			Gay and Lesbian Relationships
			Friendships
		Nonmarital Kinship Ties
			Relationships with Adult Children
			Relationships with Siblings
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Aging Stereotypes Worldwide
		Research in Action Elder Abuse
part 9 The End of Life
	chapter 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement
		The Many, Changing Meanings of Death and Dying
			The Cultural Context
			The Mortality Revolution
			Care of the Dying
		Facing Death and Loss
			Physical and Cognitive Changes Preceding Death
			Confronting One’s Own Death
			Patterns of Grieving
			Attitudes about Death and Dying across the Life Span
		Significant Losses
			Surviving a Spouse
			Losing a Parent in Adulthood
			Losing a Child
			Mourning a Miscarriage
		Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues: The “Right to Die”
			Suicide
			Hastening Death
		Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death
			Reviewing a Life
			Development: A Lifelong Process
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Variations in Funeral Customs
		Research in Action Physician-Assisted Suicide
Glossary
Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index