Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance

Title
Contents
Section 1 Physiology of Exercise
	Chapter 1 Physiology of Exercise in the United States—Its Past, Its Future
		European Heritage
			Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
			Physical Fitness
			Physical Education to Exercise Science
			Graduate Study and Research in the Physiology of Exercise
			Professional Societies and Research Journals
			Translation of Exercise Physiology to the Consumer
	Chapter 2 Control of the Internal Environment
		Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
			Control Systems of the Body
			Nature of the Control Systems
				Negative Feedback
				Positive Feedback
				Gain of a Control System
			Examples of Homeostatic Control
				Regulation of Body Temperature
				Regulation of Blood Glucose
				Stress Proteins Assist in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis
			Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
	Chapter 3 Bioenergetics
		Cell Structure
			Biological Energy Transformation
				Cellular Chemical Reactions
				Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
				Enzymes
		Fuels for Exercise
			Carbohydrates
			Fats
			Proteins
		High-Energy Phosphates
		Bioenergetics
			Anaerobic ATP Production
			Aerobic ATP Production
		Aerobic ATP Tally
		Effi ciency of Oxidative Phosphorylation
		Control of Bioenergetics
			Control of ATP-PC System
			Control of Glycolysis
			Control of Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
		Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
	Chapter 4 Exercise Metabolism
		Energy Requirements at Rest
		Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
		Recovery from Exercise: Metabolic Responses
		Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Infl uence of Duration and Intensity
			Short-Term, Intense Exercise
			Prolonged Exercise
			Incremental Exercise
		Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
		Factors Governing Fuel Selection
			Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection
			Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection
			Interaction of Fat/Carbohydrate Metabolism
			Body Fuel Sources
	Chapter 5 Hormonal Responses to Exercise
		Neuroendocrinology
			Blood Hormone Concentration
			Hormone-Receptor Interaction
		Hormones: Regulation and Action
			Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
			Thyroid Gland
			Parathyroid Gland
			Adrenal Gland
			Pancreas
			Testes and Ovaries
		Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise
			Muscle-Glycogen Utilization
			Blood Glucose Homeostasis During Exercise
			Hormone-Substrate Interaction
	Chapter 6 Measurement of Work, Power, and Energy Expenditure
		Units of Measure
			Metric System
			SI Units
		Work and Power Defi ned
			Work
			Power
		Measurement of Work and Power
			Bench Step
			Cycle Ergometer
			Treadmill
		Measurement of Energy Expenditure
			Direct Calorimetry
			Indirect Calorimetry
		Estimation of Energy Expenditure
		Calculation of Exercise Effi ciency
			Factors that Infl uence Exercise Effi ciency
		Running Economy
	Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
		General Nervous System Functions
		Organization of the Nervous System
			Structure of the Neuron
			Electrical Activity in Neurons
		Sensory Information and Refl exes
			Joint Proprioceptors
			Muscle Proprioceptors
			Muscle Chemoreceptors
			Refl exes
		Somatic Motor Function
		Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium
		Motor Control Functions of the Brain
			Brain Stem
			Cerebrum
			Cerebellum
		Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord
		Control of Motor Functions
		Autonomic Nervous System
		Exercise Enhances Brain Health
	Chapter 8 Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
		Structure of Skeletal Muscle
		Neuromuscular Junction
		Muscular Contraction
			Overview of the Sliding Filament Model
			Energy for Contraction
			Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
		Fiber Types
			Biochemical and Contractile Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
			Characteristics of Individual Fiber Types
			Fiber Types and Performance
		Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Due to Exercise, Inactivity, and Aging
			Exercise-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscles
			Muscle Atrophy Due to Inactivity
			Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle
		Muscle Actions
		Speed of Muscle Action and Relaxation
		Force Regulation in Muscle
		Force-Velocity/Power-Velocity Relationships
	Chapter 9 Circulatory Responses to Exercise
		Organization of the Circulatory System
			Structure of the Heart
			Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
		Heart: Myocardium and Cardiac Cycle
			Myocardium
			Cardiac Cycle
			Arterial Blood Pressure
			Factors That Infl uence Arterial Blood Pressure
			Electrical Activity of the Heart
		Cardiac Output
			Regulation of Heart Rate
			Regulation of Stroke Volume
		Hemodynamics
			Physical Characteristics of Blood
			Relationships Among Pressure, Resistance, and Flow
			Sources of Vascular Resistance
		Changes in Oxygen Delivery to Muscle During Exercise
			Changes in Cardiac Output During Exercise
			Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 Content During Exercise
			Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise
			Regulation of Local Blood Flow During Exercise
		Circulatory Responses to Exercise
			Emotional Infl uence
			Transition from Rest to Exercise
			Recovery from Exercise
			Incremental Exercise
			Arm Versus Leg Exercise
			Intermittent Exercise
			Prolonged Exercise
		Regulation of Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise
	Chapter 10 Respiration During Exercise
		Function of the Lung
		Structure of the Respiratory System
			Conducting Zone
			Respiratory Zone
		Mechanics of Breathing
			Inspiration
			Expiration
			Airway Resistance
		Pulmonary Ventilation
		Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
		Diffusion of Gases
		Blood Flow to the Lung
		Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships
		O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood
			Hemoglobin and O2 Transport
			Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
			O2 Transport in Muscle
			CO2 Transport in Blood
		Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance
		Ventilatory and Blood-Gas Responses to Exercise
			Rest-to-Work Transitions
			Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment
			Incremental Exercise
		Control of Ventilation
			Ventilatory Regulation at Rest
			Respiratory Control Center
			Ventilatory Control During Submaximal Exercise
			Ventilatory Control During Heavy Exercise
		Do the Lungs Adapt to Exercise Training?
		Does the Pulmonary System Limit Maximal Exercise Performance?
	Chapter 11 Acid-Base Balance During Exercise
		Acids, Bases, and pH
		Hydrogen Ion Production During Exercise
		Importance of Acid-Base Regulation During Exercise
		Acid-Base Buffer Systems
			Intracellular Buffers
			Extracellular Buffers
		Respiratory Infl uence on Acid-Base Balance
		Regulation of Acid-Base Balance via the Kidneys
		Regulation of Acid-Base Balance During Exercise
	Chapter 12 Temperature Regulation
		Overview of Heat Balance During Exercise
		Temperature Measurement During Exercise
		Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss
			Heat Production
			Heat Loss
			Heat Storage in the Body During Exercise
		Body’s Thermostat—Hypothalamus
			Shift in the Hypothalamic Thermostat Set Point Due to Fever
		Thermal Events During Exercise
		Heat Index—A Measure of How Hot It Feels
		Exercise in the Heat
			Sweat Rates During Exercise
			Exercise Performance in a Hot Environment
			Gender and Age Differences in Thermoregulation
			Heat Acclimatization
			Loss of Acclimatization
		Exercise in a Cold Environment
			Cold Acclimatization
	Chapter 13 The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO2 Max, Performance, Homeostasis, and Strength
		Principles of Training
			Overload
			Specifi city
		Research Designs to Study Training
		Endurance Training and V�O2 Max
			Training Programs and Changes In � VO2 Max
		V�O2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference
			O
			Stroke Volume
			Arteriovenous O2 Difference
		Detraining and V�O2 Max
		Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis
			Biochemical Adaptations and the Oxygen Defi cit
			Biochemical Adaptations and the Plasma Glucose Concentration
			Biochemical Adaptations and Blood pH
			Biochemical Adaptations and Lactate Removal
		Endurance Training: Links Between Muscle and Systemic Physiology
			Peripheral Feedback
			Central Command
		Physiological Effects of Strength Training
		Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength
			Neural Factors
			Muscular Enlargement
			Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
		SECTION
Section 2 Physiology of Health and Fitness
	Chapter 14 Patterns in Health and Disease: Epidemiology and Physiology
		Epidemiology
			Coronary Heart Disease
				Physical Inactivity as a Risk Factor
			Physiology
			Synthesis
	Chapter 15 Work Tests to Evaluate Cardiorespiratory Fitness
		Testing Procedures
			Screening
				Resting and Exercise Measures
			Field Tests for Estimating CRF
				Maximal Run Tests
				Walk Tests
				Canadian Home Fitness Test
			Graded Exercise Tests: Measurements
				Heart Rate
				Blood Pressure
				ECG
				Rating of Perceived Exertion
				Termination Criteria
			� VO2 Max
				Estimation of V�O2 Max from Last Work Rate
				� Estimation of VO2 Max from Submaximal HR Response
			Graded Exercise Test: Protocols
				Treadmill
				Cycle Ergometer
				Step Test
	Chapter 16 Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness
		Prescription of Exercise
			Dose-Response
				Physical Activity and Health
			General Guidelines for Improving Fitness
				Screening
				Progression
				Warm-Up, Stretch, and Cool-Down, Stretch
			Exercise Prescription for CRF
				Frequency
				Duration
				Intensity
			Sequence of Physical Activity
				Walking
				Jogging
				Games and Sports
			Strength and Flexibility Training
			Environmental Concerns
	Chapter 17 Exercise for Special Populations
		Diabetes
			Exercise and the Diabetic
			Asthma
				Diagnosis and Causes
				Prevention/Relief of Asthma
				Exercise-Induced Asthma
			Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
				Testing and Training
			Hypertension
			Cardiac Rehabilitation
				Population
				Testing
				Exercise Programs
			Exercise for Older Adults
			Exercise During Pregnancy
	Chapter 18 Body Composition and Nutrition for Health
		Nutritional Goals
			Standards of Nutrition
			Classes of Nutrients
				Water
				Vitamins
				Minerals
				Carbohydrates
				Fats
				Protein
			Meeting the Guidelines and Achieving the Goals
				Food Group Plans
				Evaluating the Diet
			Body Composition
				Methods of Assessing Overweight and Obesity
				Methods of Measuring Body Composition
				Two-Component System of Body Composition
				Body Fatness for Health and Fitness
			Obesity and Weight Control
				Obesity
			Diet, Exercise, and Weight Control
				Energy and Nutrient Balance
				Diet and Weight Control
				Energy Expenditure and Weight Control
		SECTION
Section 3 Physiology of Performance
	Chapter 19 Factors Affecting Performance
		Sites of Fatigue
			Central Fatigue
				Peripheral Fatigue
			Factors Limiting All-Out Anaerobic Performances
			Ultra Short-Term Performances (Less than Ten Seconds)
			Short-Term Performances (10 to 180 Seconds)
		Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances
			Moderate-Length Performances (Three to Twenty Minutes)
			Intermediate-Length Performances (Twenty-One to Sixty Minutes)
			Long-Term Performances (One to Four Hours)
		Athlete as Machine
	Chapter 20 Laboratory Assessment of Human Performance
		Laboratory Assessment of Physical Performance
			Physiological Testing: Theory and Ethics
		What the Athlete Gains by Physiological Testing
		What Physiological Testing Will Not Do
		Components of Effective Physiological Testing
		Direct Testing of Maximal Aerobic Power
			Specifi city of Testing
			Exercise Test Protocol
			Determination of Peak V� O2 in Paraplegic Athletes
		Laboratory Tests to Predict Endurance Performance
			Use of the Lactate Threshold to Evaluate Performance
			Measurement of Critical Power
		Tests to Determine Exercise Economy
		Estimating Success in Distance Running Using the Lactate Threshold and Running Economy
		Determination of Anaerobic Power
			Tests of Ultra Short-Term Maximal Anaerobic Power
			Tests of Short-Term Anaerobic Power
		Evaluation of Muscular Strength
			Criteria for Selection of a Strength-Testing Method
			Isometric Measurement of Strength
			Free-Weight Testing of Strength
			Isokinetic Assessment of Strength
			Variable-Resistance Measurement of Strength
	Chapter 21 Training for Performance
		Training Principles
			Overload, Specifi city, and Reversibility
			Infl uence of Gender and Initial Fitness Level
			Infl uence of Genetics
		Components of a Training Session: Warm-Up, Workout, and Cool Down
		Training to Improve Aerobic Power
			Interval Training
			Long, Slow-Distance Exercise
			High-Intensity, Continuous Exercise
			Altitude Training Improves Exercise Performance at Sea Level
		Injuries and Endurance Training
		Training to Improve Anaerobic Power
			Training to Improve the ATP-PC System
			Training to Improve the Glycolytic System
		Training to Improve Muscular Strength
			Progressive Resistance Exercise
			General Strength-Training Principles
			Free Weights Versus Machines
			Combined Strength- and Endurance-Training Programs
			Gender Differences in Response to Strength Training
			Muscle Soreness
		Training to Improve Flexibility
		Year-Round Conditioning for Athletes
			Off-Season Conditioning
			Preseason Conditioning
			In-Season Conditioning
		Common Training Mistakes
	Chapter 22 Training for the Female Athlete, Children, and Special Populations
		Factors Important to Women Involved in Vigorous Training
			Exercise and Menstrual Disorders
			Training and Menstruation
			The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders
			Bone Mineral Disorders and the Female Athlete
			Exercise During Pregnancy
			Risk of Knee Injury in Female Athletes
		Sports Conditioning for Children
			Training and the Cardiopulmonary System
			Training and the Musculoskeletal System
			Progress in Pediatric Exercise Science
		Competitive Training for Diabetics
		Training for Asthmatics
		Epilepsy and Physical Training
			Does Exercise Promote Seizures?
			Risk of Injury Due to Seizures
	Chapter 23 Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance
		Nutrition and Performance
			Carbohydrate
			Protein
			Water and Electrolytes
			Minerals
			Vitamins
			Precompetition Diet
		Body Composition and Performance
		Somatotype
			Body Fatness and Performance
	Chapter 24 Exercise and the Environment
		Altitude
			Atmospheric Pressure
			Short-Term Anaerobic Performance
			Long-Term Aerobic Performance
			Maximal Aerobic Power and Altitude
			Adaptation to High Altitude
			Training for Competition at Altitude
			The Quest for Everest
		Heat
			Hyperthermia
		Cold
			Environmental Factors
			Insulating Factors
			Heat Production
			Descriptive Characteristics
			Dealing with Hypothermia
		Air Pollution
			Particulate Matter
			Ozone
			Sulfur Dioxide
			Carbon Monoxide
	Chapter 25 Ergogenic Aids
		Research Design Concerns
		Dietary Supplements
		Aerobic Performance
			Oxygen
			Blood Doping
		Anaerobic Performance
			Blood Buffers
		Drugs
			Amphetamines
			Caffeine
			Nicotine
		Physical Warm-Up
Appendixes Appendix A: Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
Appendix B: Estimated Energy Expenditure During Selected Activities
Appendix C: Physical Activity Prescriptions
Appendix D: Dietary Reference Intakes: Macronutrients
Appendix E: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins and Minerals
Appendix F: Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
Appendix G: Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
Appendix H: Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
Glossary
Credits
Index