Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance

Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance, EIGHTH EDITION
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedications
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Introduction: A View of the Past
	EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: ROOTS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	IN THE BEGINNING: ORIGINS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO AMERICA IN THE EARLY 1800s
	RENAISSANCE PERIOD TO NINETEENTH CENTURY
	THE NORDIC CONNECTION (DENMARK, SWEDEN, NORWAY, AND FINLAND)
	OTHER CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KNOWLEDGE BASE IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
	THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
	CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO SCIENCE AT THE DAWN OF THE 20TH CENTURY
	CONCLUDING COMMENT
	INTERVIEW WITH Dr. Charles M. Tipton
PART ONE: Exercise Physiology
	SECTION 1
		Nutrition: The Base for Human Performance
		Interview with Dr. David L. Costill
		CHAPTER 1
		Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
			PART 1: CARBOHYDRATES
				KINDS AND SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES
				RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF CARBOHYDRATES
				ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE BODY
				CARBOHYDRATE DYNAMICS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				Summary
			PART 2: LIPIDS
				THE NATURE OF LIPIDS
				KINDS AND SOURCES OF LIPIDS
				RECOMMENDED LIPID INTAKE
				ROLE OF LIPID IN THE BODY
				FAT DYNAMICS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				Summary
			PART 3: PROTEINS
				THE NATURE OF PROTEINS
				KINDS OF PROTEIN
				RECOMMENDED PROTEIN INTAKE
				PROTEIN’S ROLE IN THE BODY
				DYNAMICS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM
				NITROGEN BALANCE
				PROTEIN DYNAMICS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				Summary
		CHAPTER 2
		Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
			PART 1: VITAMINS
				THE NATURE OF VITAMINS
				KINDS OF VITAMINS
				ROLE OF VITAMINS
				DEFINING NUTRIENT NEEDS
				PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, FREE RADICALS, AND ANTIOXIDANTS
				DOES VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION PROVIDE A COMPETITIVE EDGE?
				Summary
			PART 2:
MINERALS
				THE NATURE OF MINERALS
				ROLE OF MINERALS IN THE BODY
				CALCIUM
				THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD: AN UNEXPECTED PROBLEM FOR WOMEN WHO TRAIN INTENSELY
				PHOSPHORUS
				MAGNESIUM
				IRON
				SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORINE
				MINERALS AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
				Summary
			PART 3: WATER
				THE BODY’S WATER CONTENT
				WATER BALANCE: INTAKE VERSUS OUTPUT
				WATER REQUIREMENT IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				Summary
		CHAPTER 3
		Optimal Nutrition for Physical Activity
			NUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG THE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
			THE ESSENTIALS OF GOOD NUTRITION
			MYPLATE: THE HEALTHY EATING GUIDE
			PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FOOD INTAKE
			PRECOMPETITION MEAL
			CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS PRIOR TO, DURING, AND IN RECOVERY FROM PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
			GLUCOSE FEEDINGS, ELECTROLYTES, AND WATER UPTAKE
			Summary
	SECTION 2
		Energy for Physical Activity
		Interview with Dr. John O. Holloszy
		CHAPTER 4
		Energy Value of Food
			MEASUREMENT OF FOOD ENERGY
			Summary
	SECTION 3
		Aerobic Systems of Energy Delivery and Utilization
		INTERVIEW WITH Dr. Loring B. Rowell
		CHAPTER 12
		Pulmonary Structure and Function
			SURFACE AREA AND GAS EXCHANGE
			ANATOMY OF VENTILATION
			MECHANICS OF VENTILATION
			LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
			LUNG FUNCTION, AEROBIC FITNESS, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
			PULMONARY VENTILATION
			VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS
			THE RESPIRATORY TRACT DURING COLD-WEATHER PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
			Summary
		CHAPTER 13
		Gas Exchange and Transport
			PART 1: GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS AND TISSUES
				CONCENTRATIONS AND PARTIAL PRESSURES OF RESPIRED GASES
				GAS MOVEMENT IN AIR AND FLUIDS
				GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS AND TISSUES
				Summary
			PART 2: OXYGEN TRANSPORT
				OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN BLOOD
				Summary
			PART 3: CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
				CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
				Summary
		CHAPTER 14
		Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation
			PART 1: REGULATION OF PULMONARY VENTILATION
				VENTILATORY CONTROL
				REGULATION OF VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				Summary
			PART 2: PULMONARY VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				VENTILATION AND ENERGY DEMANDS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				ENERGY COST OF BREATHING
				DOES VENTILATION LIMIT AEROBIC POWER AND ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE?
				Summary
			PART 3: ACID-BASE REGULATION
				BUFFERING
				PHYSIOLOGIC BUFFERS
				EFFECTS OF INTENSE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				Summary
		CHAPTER 15
		The Cardiovascular System
			CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
			HYPERTENSION
			BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
			THE HEART’S BLOOD SUPPLY
			MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM
			Summary
		CHAPTER 16
		Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration
			INTRINSIC REGULATION OF HEART RATE
			EXTRINSIC REGULATION OF HEART RATE AND CIRCULATION
			DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD
			INTEGRATIVE RESPONSE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
			PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AFTER CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION
			Summary
		CHAPTER 17
		Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular System
			CARDIAC OUTPUT
			CARDIAC OUTPUT AT REST
			CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
			CARDIAC OUTPUT DISTRIBUTION
			CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGEN TRANSPORT
			CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS TO UPPER-BODY EXERCISE
			Summary
		CHAPTER 18
		Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
			GROSS STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
			SKELETAL MUSCLE ULTRASTRUCTURE
			MUSCLE FIBER ALIGNMENT
			ACTIN–MYOSIN ORIENTATION
			CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL EVENTS DURING MUSCLE ACTION AND RELAXATION
			MUSCLE FIBER TYPE
			GENES THAT DEFINE SKELETAL MUSCLE PHENOTYPE
			FIBER TYPE DIFFERENCES AMONG ATHLETIC GROUPS
			Summary
		CHAPTER 19
		Neural Control of Human Movement
			NEUROMOTOR SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
			NERVE SUPPLY TO MUSCLE
			MOTOR UNIT FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
			RECEPTORS IN MUSCLES, JOINTS, AND TENDONS: THE PROPRIOCEPTORS
			Summary
		CHAPTER 20
		The Endocrine System: Organization and Acute and Chronic Responses to Physical Activity
			ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
			ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
			RESTING AND EXERCISE-INDUCED ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS
			GONADAL HORMONES
			EXERCISE TRAINING AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
			RESISTANCE TRAINING AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
			OPIOID PEPTIDES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
			PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, INFECTIOUS ILLNESS, CANCER, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE
			Summary
PART TWO: Applied Exercise Physiology
	SECTION 4
		Enhancement of Energy Transfer Capacity
		INTERVIEW WITH Bengt Saltin
		CHAPTER 21
		Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power
			EXERCISE TRAINING PRINCIPLES
			HOW EXERCISE TRAINING IMPACTS THE ANAEROBIC SYSTEM
			ANAEROBIC SYSTEM CHANGES WITH TRAINING
			HOW TRAINING IMPACTS THE AEROBIC SYSTEM
			FACTORS THAT AFFECT AEROBIC TRAINING RESPONSES
			HOW LONG BEFORE IMPROVEMENTS OCCUR?
			MAINTAINING GAINS IN AEROBIC FITNESS
			TRAINING METHODS
			OVERTRAINING: TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING
			PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY
			Summary
		CHAPTER 22
		Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger
			PART 1: STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AND RESISTANCE TRAINING
				OBJECTIVES OF RESISTANCE TRAINING
				MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH
				GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MUSCLE STRENGTH
				TRAINING MUSCLES TO BECOME STRONGER
				Summary
			PART 2: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING
				FACTORS THAT MODIFY THE EXPRESSION OF HUMAN STRENGTH
				COMPARATIVE TRAINING RESPONSES IN MEN AND WOMEN
				DETRAINING EFFECTS ON MUSCLE
				METABOLIC STRESS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING
				CIRCUIT RESISTANCE TRAINING
				MUSCLE SORENESS AND STIFFNESS
				Summary
		CHAPTER 23
		Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performances
			AN INCREASING CHALLENGE TO FAIR COMPETITION
			ON THE HORIZON
			PART 1: PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS FOR ERGOGENIC EFFECTS
			PART 2: NONPHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES FOR ERGOGENIC EFFECTS
			Summary
	SECTION 5
		Exercise Performance and Environmental Stress
		INTERVIEW WITH Barbara Drinkwater
		CHAPTER 24
		Physical Activity at Medium and High Altitude
			THE STRESS OF ALTITUDE
			ACCLIMATIZATION
			METABOLIC, PHYSIOLOGIC, AND EXERCISE CAPACITIES AT ALTITUDE
			ALTITUDE TRAINING AND SEA-LEVEL PERFORMANCE
			COMBINE ALTITUDE STAY WITH LOW-ALTITUDE TRAINING
			Summary
		CHAPTER 25
		Exercise and Thermal Stress
			PART 1: MECHANISMS OF THERMO REGULATION
				THERMAL BALANCE
				HYPOTHALAMIC TEMPERATURE REGULATION
				THERMOREGULATION IN COLD STRESS: HEAT CONSERVATION AND HEAT PRODUCTION
				THERMOREGULATION IN HEAT STRESS: HEAT LOSS
				EFFECTS OF CLOTHING ON THERMOREGULATION
			PART 2: THERMO REGULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE HEAT
				MAINTAINING FLUID BALANCE: REHYDRATION AND HYPERHYDRATION
				FACTORS THAT MODIFY HEAT TOLERANCE
				COMPLICATIONS FROM EXCESSIVE HEAT STRESS
			PART 3: THERMO REGULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COLD STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE COLD
				COLD ACCLIMATIZATION
				HOW COLD IS TOO COLD?
			Summary
		CHAPTER 26
		Sport Diving
			DIVING HISTORY—ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT
			PRESSURE–VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS AND DIVING DEPTH
			SNORKELING AND BREATH-HOLD DIVING
			SCUBA DIVING
			SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH BREATHING GASES AT HIGH PRESSURES
			DIVES TO EXCEPTIONAL DEPTHS: MIXED-GAS DIVING
			ENERGY COST OF UNDERWATER SWIMMING
			Summary
		CHAPTER 27
		Microgravity: The Last Frontier
			THE WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT
			HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF AEROSPACE PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
			MODERN ERA
			MEDICAL EVALUATION FOR ASTRONAUT SELECTION
			BONE
			COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES
			OVERVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO SPACEFLIGHT
			NASA’S NEW VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF SPACE EXPLORATION
			PRACTICAL BENEFITS FROM SPACE BIOLOGY RESEARCH
			FINAL WORDS
			Summary
	SECTION 6
		Body Composition, Energy Balance, and Weight Control
		INTERVIEW WITH Dr. Claude Bouchard
		CHAPTER 28
		Body Composition Assessment
			OVERWEIGHT, OVERFATNESS, AND OBESITY: NO UNANIMITY FOR TERMINOLOGY
			THE BODY MASS INDEX: A POPULAR CLINICAL STANDARD
			COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY
			COMMON TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS BODY COMPOSITION
			AVERAGE PERCENTAGE BODY FAT
			DETERMINING GOAL BODY WEIGHT
			Summary
		CHAPTER 29
		Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity
			PHYSIQUES OF CHAMPION ATHLETES
			UPPER LIMIT FOR FAT-FREE BODY MASS
			Summary
		CHAPTER 30
		Overweight, Overfatness (Obesity), and Weight Control
			PART 1: OBESITY
				HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
				OBESITY REMAINS A WORLDWIDE EPIDEMIC
				INCREASED BODY FAT: A PROGRESSIVE LONG-TERM PROCESS
				GENETICS INFLUENCES BODY FAT ACCUMULATION
				PHYSICAL INACTIVITY: A CRUCIAL COMPONENT IN EXCESSIVE FAT ACCUMULATION
				HEALTH RISKS OF EXCESSIVE BODY FAT
				CRITERIA FOR EXCESSIVE BODY FAT: HOW FAT IS TOO FAT?
			PART 2: PRINCIPLES OF WEIGHT CONTROL: DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				ENERGY BALANCE: INPUT VERSUS OUTPUT
				DIETING FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
				FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEIGHT LOSS
				INCREASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
				EFFECTIVENESS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
				WEIGHT LOSS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WRESTLERS AND OTHER POWER ATHLETES
				GAINING WEIGHT: THE COMPETITIVE ATHLETE’S DILEMMA
			Summary
	SECTION 7
		Exercise, Successful Aging, and Disease Prevention
		INTERVIEW WITH Dr. Steven N. Blair
		CHAPTER 31
		Physical Activity, Health, and Aging
			THE GRAYING OF AMERICA
			THE NEW GERONTOLOGY
			PART 1: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE POPULATION
				PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EPIDEMIOLOGY
				Summary
			PART 2: AGING AND PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION
				AGE TRENDS
				TRAINABILITY AND AGE
				Summary
			PART 3: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, AND LONGEVITY
				PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, AND LONGEVITY
				REGULAR MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS
				Summary
			PART 4: CORONARY HEART DISEASE
				CHANGES ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL
				CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS
				Summary
		CHAPTER 32
		Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
			THE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST IN THE CLINICAL SETTING
			TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS FOR PROFESSIONAL EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGISTS
			CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY TO DIVERSE DISEASES AND DISORDERS
			ONCOLOGY
			CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
			ASSESSING CARDIAC DISEASE
			STRESS TEST PROTOCOLS
			PRESCRIBING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
			CARDIAC REHABILITATION
			PULMONARY DISEASES
			PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ASTHMA
			NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES, DISABILITIES, AND DISORDERS
			RENAL DISEASE
			COGNITIVE/EMOTIONAL DISEASES AND DISORDERS
			Summary
	SECTION 8
		On the Horizon
		INTERVIEW WITH Dr. Frank W. Booth
		CHAPTER 33
		Molecular Biology: A New Vista For Exercise Physiology
			HISTORICAL TOUR OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
			REVOLUTION IN THE BIOLOGIC SCIENCES
			THE HUMAN GENOME
			NUCLEIC ACIDS
			HOW DNA REPLICATES
			PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
			MUTATIONS
			NEW HORIZONS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
			HUMAN PERFORMANCE RESEARCH
			SHAPING THE FUTURE
INDEX