Exercise Physiology: Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual 2nd Edition: Volume 2 Tests, Procedures and Data

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 13
PREFACE......Page 14
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
PART ONE  NEUROMUSCULAR ASPECTS OF MOVEMENT......Page 18
1.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 19
1.3.1 BASIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE......Page 20
1.3.3 TRAINING ADAPTATIONS......Page 21
1.3.4 EFFECTS OF AGE AND SEX ON MUSCLE PERFORMANCE......Page 22
1.4.1 MUSCULAR ACTIONS......Page 23
1.4.2 FORCE-LENGTH AND FORCE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIPS IN ISOLATED MUSCLE......Page 24
1.4.3 MUSCLE FUNCTION DURING JOINT MOVEMENT......Page 25
1.4.4 MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC MUSCLE FUNCTION—ISOKINETIC DYNAMOMETRY......Page 26
1.4.5 MOMENT-ANGULAR VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP......Page 27
1.5.1 MEASUREMENT ISSUES: INDICES OF NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE AND RELATIONSHIPS TO FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITY......Page 29
1.5.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS CONSIDERATIONS......Page 32
1.5.3 ASSESSMENT OF SHORT-TERM MUSCLE POWER AND FATIGUE USING ISOKINETIC DYNAMOMETRY......Page 34
1.5.4 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ISOKINETIC DYNAMOMETRY......Page 36
1.5.5 ASSESSMENT OF PROPRIOCEPTION PERFORMANCE USING ISOKINETIC DYNAMOMETRY......Page 38
1.6.2 PROCEDURE......Page 41
1.6.3 DATA ANALYSIS......Page 45
1.7.2 PROCEDURE......Page 46
1.8.1 PURPOSE......Page 47
1.8.2 PROCEDURE......Page 48
1.8.3 DATA ANALYSIS......Page 49
1.9.2 PROCEDURE......Page 50
1.9.3 DATA ANALYSIS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
2.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 58
2.3.1 THE MUSCULATURE AND INTRINSIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RECORDED ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC SIGNAL......Page 60
2.3.2 THE SYSTEM FOR DETECTING THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC SIGNALS: EXTRINSIC FACTORS......Page 61
2.4 ELECTRODES......Page 62
2.4.1 POSITIONING OF THE ELECTRODES......Page 64
2.5.1 SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION......Page 65
2.6 RECORDING OF DATA......Page 66
2.7.1 ASSESSMENT OF TEMPORAL MUSCULOSKELETAL AND NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL......Page 68
2.7.3 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 69
2.7.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MEASUREMENT OF EMD......Page 70
2.7.5 ELECTROMECHANICAL DELAY AND FATIGUING EXERCISE......Page 72
2.8 MEASUREMENT UTILITY: PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN INDICES OF NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE INVOLVING EMG......Page 73
2.9.2 PROCEDURES......Page 79
2.9.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND ADDITIONAL PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES......Page 82
2.10 PRACTICAL 2: ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC SIGNAL AMPLITUDE AND FORCE OF THE KNEE FLEXORS ASSOCIATED WITH STATIC VOLUNTARY MUSCLE ACTIONS......Page 84
2.10.2 PROCEDURES......Page 85
2.10.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND ADDITIONAL PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 89
PART TWO  OXYGEN TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND EXERCISE......Page 92
3.2.1 PULMONARY VENTILATION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE......Page 93
3.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING PULMONARY VENTILATION......Page 94
3.3 EVALUATION OF PULMONARY VENTILATION DURING EXERCISE......Page 95
3.3.1 THE VENTILATORY THRESHOLD......Page 96
3.3.2 PULMONARY VENTILATION AND TRAINING......Page 97
3.3.3 ACUTE AND CHRONIC VENTILATORY ADAPTATIONS TO ARM AND LEG EXERCISE......Page 98
3.5 ASSESSMENT OF RESTING LUNG FUNCTION......Page 99
3.5.1 STATIC LUNG VOLUMES......Page 100
3.5.2 DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUMES (INDICES OF MAXIMAL FLOW)......Page 106
3.6 PULMONARY DIFFUSING CAPACITY......Page 110
3.7 SOURCES OF VARIATION IN LUNG FUNCTION TESTING......Page 111
3.7.2 BETWEEN-SUBJECT VARIATION......Page 112
3.8.1 HIGH-ALTITUDE NATIVES......Page 114
3.9 PREDICTION OF LUNG FUNCTION......Page 115
3.10.1 OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECT......Page 116
3.11 PRACTICAL EXERCISES......Page 117
3.12.2 PROCEDURES......Page 118
3.12.3 ASSIGNMENTS......Page 120
3.13.2 PROCEDURES......Page 121
3.14.1 PURPOSE......Page 123
3.14.3 APPARATUS (FIGURE 3.11)......Page 124
3.14.4 GAS ANALYSIS......Page 125
3.15.2 PROCEDURE FOR CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN UPTAKE......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
4.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 132
4.3.1 VENOUS BLOOD......Page 134
4.3.2 ARTERIALIZED VENOUS BLOOD......Page 136
4.3.4 PROCEDURES FOR CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLING......Page 138
4.4 BLOOD TREATMENT AFTER COLLECTION......Page 139
4.5.1 THE CYANMETHAEMOGLOBIN METHOD......Page 141
4.5.2 FACTORS AFFECTING MEASURED HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION......Page 142
4.6.1 PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) OR SPUN HAEMATOCRIT (HCT)......Page 146
4.6.2 ERYTHROCYTE (RED CELL) COUNT......Page 147
4.7.1 ASSESSMENT OF IRON STATUS......Page 148
4.8 ALTITUDE TRAINING, BLOOD DOPING AND ERYTHROPOIETIN......Page 149
4.9.1 MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD AND PLASMA VOLUME......Page 150
4.9.2 ESTIMATION OF BLOOD AND PLASMA VOLUME CHANGES......Page 151
4.9.3 CALCULATION OF VOLUME CHANGES......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
5.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 154
5.3.1 HEART RATE......Page 155
5.3.2 STROKE VOLUME......Page 156
5.3.3 CENTRAL COMMAND......Page 157
5.3.4 PERIPHERAL COMMAND......Page 158
5.3.5 RESETTING OF THE CAROTID SINUS BAROREFLEX......Page 159
5.4.1 LOCAL REGULATING MECHANISMS......Page 160
5.4.2 NEURAL REGULATION......Page 161
5.5 CONTROL OF SKIN BLOOD FLOW DURING EXERCISE......Page 162
5.6 MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 164
5.7.1 STRAIN GAUGE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY......Page 166
5.7.2 SKIN BLOOD FLOW......Page 167
5.9.3 PROTOCOL......Page 169
5.9.4  RESULTS......Page 170
5.10.3 PROTOCOL......Page 171
5.10.4 SOME FORMULAE TO HELP......Page 172
5.11 PRACTICAL 3: EXERCISE PRESSOR RESPONSE......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
PART THREE  ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY......Page 177
6.2 BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)......Page 178
6.2.1 BODY SIZE, SEX AND AGE EFFECTS ON BMR ANDRMR......Page 179
6.2.2 ESTIMATION OF BODY SURFACE AREA AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE......Page 180
6.4 PRACTICAL 1: ESTIMATION OF BODY SURFACE AREA AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE......Page 181
6.6 PRACTICAL 3: MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN UPTAKE USING THE DOUGLAS BAG TECHNIQUE......Page 182
6.6.2 TIMING GAS COLLECTIONS AND CORRECTION OF GAS VOLUMES......Page 185
6.6.3 CALCULATION OF OXYGEN UPTAKE (O2) USING THE HALDANE TRANSFORMATION......Page 187
6.6.4 CALCULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION (VCO2)......Page 192
6.7 PRACTICAL 4: THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT......Page 193
6.8 PRACTICAL 5: ESTIMATION OF RMR USING THE DOUGLAS BAG TECHNIQUE......Page 196
6.9.1 ENERGY EXPENDITURE......Page 197
6.9.2 MEASURING ENERGY INTAKE......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
7.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 206
7.3.1 RELEVANCE......Page 207
7.3.2 PROTOCOLS......Page 210
7.3.3 RESULTS......Page 212
7.4  PREDICTION OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE......Page 214
7.5.2 METHODOLOGY......Page 216
7.5.3 RESULTS......Page 217
7.5.4 DISCUSSION......Page 218
7.6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 222
7.6.4 DISCUSSION......Page 224
7.7.1 EFFECTS ON ECONOMY......Page 225
7.7.2 EFFECTS ON STRIDE PATTERN......Page 226
7.7.3 EFFECTS ON TRUNK ANGLE......Page 227
7.7.5 RESULTS......Page 228
7.8.1 PROTOCOL......Page 230
7.8.2 PROCEDURES......Page 231
7.9.1 PROTOCOL......Page 233
7.9.3 RESULTS......Page 234
7.10.3 CALCULATION OF LRE......Page 235
7.10.4 RESULTS......Page 237
7.11.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND PROTOCOLS......Page 238
7.11.4 DISCUSSION......Page 239
7.12.2 MEASUREMENTS......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
8.3 PROCESSES OF HEAT LOSS/HEAT GAIN......Page 246
8.4 CONTROL OF BODY TEMPERATURE......Page 248
8.5 THERMOREGULATION AND OTHER CONTROL SYSTEMS......Page 251
8.6 MEASUREMENT OF BODY TEMPERATURE......Page 253
8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS......Page 255
8.9 ANTHROPOMETRY AND HEAT EXCHANGE......Page 260
8.11.3 PROTOCOL......Page 262
8.12.2 EQUIPMENT......Page 263
8.12.4 CLEANING OF PROBES......Page 264
8.13.4 CALCULATIONS......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 266
PART FOUR  ASSESSMENT AND REGULATION OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND EXERCISE INTENSITY......Page 268
9.3 NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF DETERMINING EXERCISE INTENSITY......Page 269
9.4.1 USING OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (V̇O2) TO PRESCRIBE EXERCISE INTENSITY......Page 270
9.4.2 USING HEART RATE TO PRESCRIBE EXERCISE INTENSITY......Page 273
9.4.3 RATING OF PERCEIVED EXERTION (RPE)......Page 275
9.5 EFFORT PERCEPTION IN CHILDREN......Page 281
9.6.1 ESTIMATION PROTOCOL......Page 283
9.6.2 PRODUCTION PROTOCOL......Page 285
9.7.1 RPE ESTIMATION TEST......Page 286
9.7.2 RPE PRODUCTION TEST......Page 287
9.8.3 TO DO......Page 288
9.9.3 TO DO......Page 290
9.10 SUMMARY......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
10.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 297
10.3 EXERCISE DOMAINS......Page 298
10.4.1 THE LACTATE THRESHOLD......Page 300
10.4.2 REFERENCE BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS......Page 304
10.4.3 THE VENTILATORY THRESHOLD......Page 305
10.4.4 BREATHING FREQUENCY THRESHOLD......Page 306
10.5.1 THE MAXIMAL LACTATE STEADY STATE......Page 307
10.5.2 CRITICAL POWER......Page 308
10.5.3 NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE THRESHOLD......Page 309
10.5.5 FIXED BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS (OBLA)......Page 310
10.5.6 INDIVIDUAL ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD......Page 311
10.5.7 LACTATE MINIMUM SPEED......Page 312
10.5.8 HEART RATE DEFLECTION POINT......Page 313
10.5.9 OTHER ESTIMATES......Page 316
10.6 FROM SEVERE TO SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE: THE V–O2 max......Page 317
10.7 CONCLUSION......Page 318
10.8.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES......Page 320
10.8.3 GENERAL METHODS......Page 321
10.8.4 GENERAL FURTHER ANALYSIS......Page 322
10.9.4 FURTHER ANALYSIS OPPORTUNITIES......Page 323
10.10.4 FURTHER ANALYSIS OPPORTUNITIES......Page 324
10.11.2 ADDITIONAL HINTS......Page 325
10.12.2 DATA ANALYSIS......Page 326
10.13.2 DATA ANALYSIS......Page 327
REFERENCES......Page 328
11.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 336
11.3 TERMINOLOGY......Page 337
11.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 338
11.6.1 WINGATE-TYPE PROCEDURES......Page 339
11.6.2 OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES......Page 341
11.6.3 CORRECTION PROCEDURES......Page 342
11.6.5 NON-MOTORIZED TREADMILLS......Page 344
11.7 ASSESSMENT OF METABOLISM......Page 345
11.7.1 DIRECT ESTIMATION OF ANAEROBIC METABOLISM......Page 346
11.7.3 AEROBIC CONTRIBUTION......Page 349
11.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 350
11.9.3 METHODS......Page 351
11.9.4 SAMPLE RESULTS......Page 352
11.10.3 METHODS......Page 355
11.10.4 SAMPLE RESULTS......Page 356
11.11.3 SAMPLE RESULTS......Page 358
11.12.1 METHODS......Page 359
11.12.2 SAMPLE RESULTS......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
APPENDIX: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN UNITS OF ENERGY, WORK, POWER AND SPEED......Page 367
INDEX......Page 369