Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
About the Authors......Page 6
Basic Sciences......Page 7
UNIQUE COLOR CODING......Page 8
For Students......Page 9
User\'s Guide......Page 10
ADDITIONAL LEARNING AND TEACHING RESOURCES......Page 13
Reviewers......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 15
Contents......Page 16
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 21
WHAT IS EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY AND WHY STUDY IT?......Page 22
OVERVIEW OF THE TEXT......Page 23
Exercise Intensity......Page 26
Exercise Categories......Page 27
Exercise Response Patterns......Page 28
Exercise Response Interpretation......Page 29
Health-Related Versus Sport-Specific Physical Fitness......Page 31
Dose-Response Relationships......Page 32
Training Principles......Page 33
Periodization......Page 37
Selye’s Theory of Stress......Page 40
Training Adaptation and Maladaptation......Page 41
SUMMARY......Page 42
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
Metabolic System Unit......Page 45
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 46
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)......Page 47
CELLULAR RESPIRATION......Page 48
Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 49
Fat Metabolism......Page 62
Protein Metabolism......Page 64
Intracellular Regulation......Page 65
Extracellular Regulation......Page 66
FUEL UTILIZATION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE......Page 69
SUMMARY......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 75
THE ENERGY CONTINUUM......Page 76
Alactic Anaerobic PC Production......Page 78
Lactic Acid/Lactate Production......Page 80
Lactate Clearance......Page 81
Laboratory Procedures......Page 82
Field Tests......Page 86
Oxygen Deficit and Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption......Page 87
Lactate Changes......Page 89
Why Is Lactic Acid Accumulation a Problem?......Page 96
Time Frame for Lactate Removal Postexercise......Page 97
The Availability and Utilization of ATP-PC......Page 99
ANAEROBIC EXERCISE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN......Page 100
Mechanical Power and Capacity......Page 101
Mechanisms......Page 102
The Availability and Utilization of ATP-PC......Page 103
Mechanical Power and Capacity......Page 104
SUMMARY......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 107
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 112
Spirometry......Page 113
Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Production......Page 114
Respiratory Quotient/Respiratory Exchange Ratio......Page 121
The Metabolic Equivalent......Page 125
Metabolic Calculations Based on Mechanical Work or Standard Energy Use......Page 127
Activity Recalls and Questionnaires......Page 129
Efficiency......Page 131
Economy of Walking and Running......Page 133
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 146
Overload......Page 147
Rest/Recovery/Adaptation......Page 150
Maintenance......Page 151
Warm-up and Cooldown......Page 152
Substrate or Fuel Supply......Page 154
Enzyme Activity......Page 156
Oxygen Utilization (7)......Page 157
ATP Production, Storage, and Turnover......Page 160
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE AND SEX ON METABOLIC TRAINING ADAPTATIONS......Page 161
DETRAINING IN THE METABOLIC SYSTEM......Page 162
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 170
NUTRITION FOR TRAINING......Page 171
Carbohydrates......Page 173
Protein......Page 182
Fat......Page 185
Minerals......Page 187
Carbohydrate Loading (Glycogen Supercompensation)......Page 189
Pre-Event Meal......Page 193
Feeding During Exercise......Page 195
Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria......Page 196
The Consequences of Eating Disorders......Page 198
Prevention and Treatment......Page 199
SUMMARY......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 207
INTRODUCTION......Page 208
Laboratory Techniques......Page 209
Field Tests of Body Composition......Page 214
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 223
What Happens to Adipose Cells in Obesity? The Cellular Basis of Obesity......Page 225
Fat Distribution Patterns......Page 226
Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 235
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 239
THE CALORIC BALANCE EQUATION......Page 240
THE EFFECTS OF DIET, EXERCISE TRAINING, AND DIET PLUS EXERCISE TRAINING ON BODY COMPOSITION AND WEIGHT......Page 251
APPLICATION OF THE TRAINING PRINCIPLES FOR WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION LOSS AND/OR CONTROL......Page 262
MAKING WEIGHT FOR SPORT......Page 266
SUMMARY......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
Cardiovascular-Respiratory System Unit......Page 275
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 276
STRUCTURE OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM......Page 277
MECHANICS OF BREATHING......Page 279
MINUTE VENTILATION/ALVEOLAR VENTILATION......Page 281
MEASUREMENT OF LUNG VOLUMES......Page 284
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF A GAS: DALTON’S LAW......Page 287
REGULATION OF PULMONARY VENTILATION......Page 289
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT......Page 294
SUMMARY......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 304
RESPONSE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO EXERCISE......Page 305
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX AND AGE ON RESPIRATION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE......Page 319
RESPIRATORY TRAINING ADAPTATIONS......Page 325
DETRAINING AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 327
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 328
SUMMARY......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 342
OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 343
CARDIOVASCULAR DYNAMICS......Page 359
REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 362
MEASUREMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR VARIABLES......Page 364
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 375
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO AEROBIC EXERCISE......Page 376
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO STATIC EXERCISE......Page 388
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO DYNAMIC RESISTANCE EXERCISE......Page 392
MALE-FEMALE CARDIOVASCULAR DIFFERENCES DURING EXERCISE......Page 394
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS TO EXERCISE......Page 397
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES OF OLDER ADULTS TO EXERCISE......Page 400
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 404
REFERENCES......Page 405
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 408
APPLICATION OF THE TRAINING PRINCIPLES......Page 409
TRAINING PRINCIPLES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 422
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO AEROBIC ENDURANCE TRAINING......Page 423
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO DYNAMIC RESISTANCE TRAINING......Page 429
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE AND SEX ON CARDIOVASCULAR TRAINING ADAPTATIONS......Page 431
DETRAINING IN THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 435
SUMMARY......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 437
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 442
BASIC CONCEPTS......Page 443
THERMOREGULATION......Page 448
EXERCISE IN THE HEAT......Page 449
CARDIOVASCULAR DEMANDS OF EXERCISE IN THE HEAT......Page 452
INFLUENCE OF SEX AND AGE ON THE EXERCISE RESPONSE IN HEAT......Page 459
HEAT ILLNESS......Page 460
EXERCISE IN THE COLD......Page 464
SUMMARY......Page 467
REFERENCES......Page 468
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 471
PROGRESSION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE......Page 472
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS......Page 474
CHILDREN AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS......Page 492
SUMMARY......Page 497
REFERENCES......Page 498
Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit......Page 503
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 504
SKELETAL TISSUE......Page 505
MEASUREMENT OF BONE HEALTH......Page 509
FACTORS INFLUENCING BONE HEALTH......Page 512
APPLICATION OF THE TRAINING PRINCIPLES......Page 514
SKELETAL ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE TRAINING......Page 520
SKELETAL ADAPTATIONS TO DETRAINING......Page 521
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS TO HEALTH AND FITNESS......Page 522
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 528
REFERENCES......Page 529
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 532
OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUE......Page 533
MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES......Page 534
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE FIBER......Page 535
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE MYOFILAMENTS......Page 538
CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE FIBER......Page 540
MUSCLE FIBER TYPES......Page 545
SUMMARY......Page 552
REFERENCES......Page 553
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 554
MUSCULAR FORCE PRODUCTION......Page 555
MUSCULAR FATIGUE AND SORENESS......Page 563
MEASUREMENT OF MUSCULAR FUNCTION......Page 571
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE AND SEX ON MUSCLE FUNCTION......Page 574
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 580
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 582
APPLICATION OF THE TRAINING PRINCIPLES......Page 583
NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING......Page 592
MALE-FEMALE RESISTANCE TRAINING ADAPTATION COMPARISONS......Page 595
RESISTANCE TRAINING ADAPTATIONS IN OLDER ADULTS......Page 596
MUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO CONCURRENT TRAINING......Page 597
SPECIAL APPLICATION: MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE AND LOW-BACK PAIN......Page 598
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 600
REFERENCES......Page 601
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 603
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 604
NEURAL CONTROL OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION......Page 606
REFLEX CONTROL OF MOVEMENT......Page 609
VOLITIONAL CONTROL OF MOVEMENT......Page 616
FLEXIBILITY......Page 617
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO STRETCHING......Page 623
FLEXIBILITY AND OVERUSE INJURIES......Page 625
APPLICATION OF THE TRAINING PRINCIPLES TO FLEXIBILITY TRAINING......Page 626
ADAPTATION TO FLEXIBILITY TRAINING......Page 627
BALANCE......Page 628
APPLICATION OF THE TRAINING PRINCIPLES TO BALANCE......Page 631
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 632
REFERENCES......Page 633
Neuroendocrine-Immune System Unit......Page 637
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 638
EXERCISE AS A STRESSOR THAT ACTIVATES THE NEURAL AND HORMONAL SYSTEMS......Page 639
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 641
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 647
ROLE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN EXERCISE......Page 652
HORMONAL RESPONSES TO EXERCISE......Page 654
HORMONAL ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING......Page 662
SUMMARY......Page 664
REFERENCES......Page 665
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:......Page 667
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 668
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE......Page 676
TRAINING ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION......Page 684
SELECTED INTERACTIONS OF EXERCISE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 692
REFERENCES......Page 697
Appendix A: Units of Measure, the Metric System, and Conversions between the English and Metric Systems of Measurement......Page 701
THE CALCULATION OF OXYGEN CONSUMED AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED FROM DATA OBTAINED BY OPEN-CIRCUIT SPIROMETRY......Page 703
THE CALCULATION OF OXYGEN CONSUMED USING MECHANICAL WORK OR SPEED OF MOVEMENT......Page 708
THE CALCULATION OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION FROM CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE FIELD TESTS......Page 711
PRACTICE PROBLEMS......Page 712
SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS......Page 713
REFERENCES......Page 714
CHAPTER 2......Page 715
CHAPTER 6......Page 716
CHAPTER 9......Page 717
CHAPTER 11......Page 718
CHAPTER 13......Page 719
CHAPTER 14......Page 720
CHAPTER 18......Page 721
CHAPTER 22......Page 722
Glossary......Page 723
Index......Page 730
Commonly Used Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 747
ICON IDENTIFICATION GUIDE......Page 748