Evolved Cellular Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS and LTE

9781439806500-1......Page 1
Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 7
Section I: Introduction......Page 10
1. Introduction to UMTS: WCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, and LTE......Page 11
1.1 Progression of Mobile Communication Provision......Page 12
1.2 UMTS......Page 14
1.2.1 Use of CDMA in UMTS......Page 17
1.2.2 Deployment Techniques in UMTS......Page 25
1.2.3 Network Planning Considerations for UMTS......Page 27
1.3.1 Principles of HSPA......Page 28
1.3.2 MBMS for HSPA......Page 32
1.3.3 HSPA Evolution......Page 33
1.4.1 Historical Perspective of TD-SCDMA......Page 34
1.4.3 Key TD-SCDMA-Specific Technologies......Page 35
1.5.2 Principles of LTE......Page 39
1.5.3 Network Planning Considerations for LTE......Page 46
1.5.4 Future Development of LTE......Page 48
1.6 Network Planning and Optimization......Page 49
References......Page 50
2.1 Introduction......Page 51
2.2 Multipath Propagation Channels......Page 53
2.3.1 Deterministic Channel Computation......Page 55
2.3.2 Geometry-based Stochastic Channel Models......Page 56
2.3.4 Correlation-based Channel Models......Page 57
2.4.1 COST Channel Models......Page 58
2.4.2 ITU Channel Models......Page 61
2.4.3 Extended ITU Models......Page 64
2.5 MIMO Channel Models......Page 66
2.5.1 3GPP Spatial Channel Model......Page 68
2.5.2 Extended 3GPP Spatial Channel Model......Page 70
2.5.3 WINNER Channel Model......Page 73
2.5.4 Multi-polarized MIMO Channel Models......Page 74
2.5.5 MIMO Channel Model for LTE Evolution......Page 78
2.5.6 Comparison of SCM, SCME, WINNER, and LTE Evolution Models......Page 81
2.6 Channel Modeling Role in Cell Planning and Optimization......Page 82
2.7 Conclusion......Page 83
References......Page 84
3. Virtual Drive Test......Page 87
3.1 Introduction......Page 88
3.2 Prediction and Measurement of System Coverage......Page 89
3.2.1 Accurate Propagation Modeling: Cons and Pros......Page 90
3.2.3 Other Methods for Database Updates......Page 92
3.3.2 Network Report Acquisition......Page 93
3.3.3 Event and User Location Principles......Page 94
3.4.1 Map Types......Page 102
3.5.1 Optimizing for Measurements and Predictions—A Unified Approach......Page 106
3.5.2 Optimization Procedures......Page 107
3.5.3 Requirements of Location and RSS Measurement Accuracies......Page 110
3.5.4 Demonstration of an Optimization Project......Page 111
3.6 VDT for LTE and Fourth-Generation Systems......Page 112
3.6.1 Advanced System Main Features......Page 113
3.6.2 VDT Concept in Advanced Systems......Page 115
3.8 Summary......Page 116
References......Page 117
Section II: 3G Planning and Optimization......Page 120
4. WCDMA Planning and Optimization......Page 121
4.1.1 Quality, Capacity, and Economic Issues of Network Design......Page 122
4.1.2 Radio Planning Objective......Page 123
4.1.3 WCDMA Network Planning Process......Page 125
4.2.1 Path loss-based Approach......Page 126
4.2.2 Simulation-based Approach......Page 131
4.2.3 Site Selection......Page 135
4.2.4 Propagation Modeling......Page 138
4.2.5 Link Budgets......Page 141
4.2.6 Downlink Common Channel Powers......Page 153
4.2.7 Downlink Transmit Power Calculations......Page 159
4.2.8 Uplink Open Loop Power Control......Page 167
4.2.9 Soft Handover......Page 173
4.2.10 Scrambling Code Planning......Page 180
4.3 Site Deployment and Configuration......Page 183
4.3.1 Site Selection......Page 184
4.4.1 Optimization Parameters and Targets......Page 188
4.4.2 Advanced Search Algorithms......Page 189
4.4.3 Optimization Process......Page 191
References......Page 193
5. TD-SCDMA Network Planning and Optimization......Page 195
5.1.1 Transport Channels......Page 196
5.1.2 Physical Channels......Page 197
5.1.3 Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical Channels......Page 200
5.1.4 Physical Layer Procedures in TD-SCDMA Systems......Page 201
5.1.5 Physical Layer Techniques in TD-SCDMA Systems......Page 205
5.2.1 Coverage Region Partition......Page 207
5.2.2 Link Budget......Page 209
5.2.3 Link Balance......Page 211
5.3.1 Factors Influencing System Capacity......Page 212
5.3.2 Service Types in TD-SCDMA Systems......Page 213
5.3.3 Interference Analysis......Page 215
5.3.4 Capacity Analysis......Page 218
5.4.1 Radio Parameters in TD-SCDMA Systems......Page 222
5.4.2 Radio Resources in TD-SCDMA Systems......Page 224
5.4.3 Frequency Resource Planning......Page 225
5.4.5 Code Resource Planning......Page 229
5.5.2 Network Optimization of TD-SCDMA......Page 231
5.6 Conclusion......Page 232
References......Page 233
Section III: HSPA Planning and Optimization......Page 235
6. Capacity, Coverage Planning, and Dimensioning for HSPA......Page 236
6.1 Introduction......Page 237
6.2 Comparison between Basic Rel’99 UMTS and HSPA Planning Rules......Page 238
6.3.1 Coverage-Limited Dimensioning......Page 239
6.3.2 Capacity-Limited Dimensioning (Code Limitation)......Page 241
6.4.1 “Fair Resource”-based Dimensioning......Page 242
6.4.2 “Fair Throughput”-based Dimensioning......Page 247
6.4.3 “Enhanced Fair Throughput”-based Dimensioning......Page 249
6.4.4 Multiple Aggregated Services Dimensioning Process......Page 251
6.4.5 Shadowing Impact on Dimensioning......Page 253
6.5 HSPA RF Planning Reference Scenarios and Procedure......Page 259
6.6 Dimensioning Performance Comparison between UMTS (Rel’99) and HSPA Evolution......Page 261
6.7 Conclusion......Page 267
References......Page 268
7. Radio Resource Optimization and Scheduling Techniques for HSPA and LTE Advanced Technologies......Page 269
7.1.1 Objective and Context......Page 270
7.1.2 Radio Resource Management for Advanced Wireless Systems......Page 271
7.2 Radio Resource Management for Evolved UMTS Networks......Page 272
7.2.1 MAC Sublayer......Page 273
7.2.4 RRC Sublayer......Page 274
7.3 Overview of Packet Scheduling in HSPA and Beyond......Page 275
7.4.1 Radio Admission Control......Page 277
7.4.2 Uplink Packet Scheduling......Page 278
7.4.3 Downlink Packet Scheduling......Page 279
7.5 HSPA and LTE Scheduling Techniques Models......Page 281
7.5.1 Fair Resource Scheduling Technique Protocol......Page 282
7.5.2 Fair Throughput Scheduling Technique......Page 283
7.5.3 Maximum CIR Scheme (Max C/I)......Page 284
7.5.4 Fair Channel-Dependent Scheduling (FCDS) Protocol......Page 287
7.5.5 Score-based Scheduling......Page 288
7.6.1 Concept of Cross-Layer Design......Page 289
7.6.2 Description of the Introduced Techniques (Protocols)......Page 290
7.6.3 Scheduling Techniques Optimization According Services Profiles and Requirements......Page 293
7.7 Summary and Open Problems......Page 299
References......Page 300
8. Teletraffic Engineering for HSDPA and HSUPA Cells......Page 301
8.1 Introduction......Page 302
8.2 System Architecture......Page 304
8.3.1 Basic Assumptions......Page 307
8.3.2 Multidimensional Erlang–Engset Model at the Microstate Level......Page 308
8.3.3 Full-Availability Group with BPP Traffic at the Macrostate Level......Page 309
8.3.4 MIM-BPP Method......Page 312
8.4 Model of the Full-Availability Group with Traffic Compression......Page 313
8.4.1 Basic Model of the Full-Availability Group with Compression......Page 314
8.5 Modeling and Dimensioning of the Radio Interface......Page 318
8.5.1 Resource Allocation in Mobile Systems with Soft Capacity......Page 319
8.5.2 Allocation Units in the WCDMA Radio Interface......Page 323
8.5.3 Analytical Model of the WCDMA Interface......Page 324
8.6.1 Exemplary Architecture of the Iub Interface......Page 328
8.6.2 Analytical Model of the Iub Interface......Page 330
References......Page 333
9. Radio Resource Management for E-MBMS Transmissions towards LTE......Page 335
9.1 Introduction......Page 336
9.2.1 Operation......Page 337
9.2.2 Architecture......Page 338
9.2.3 Multicast Mode of MBMS......Page 340
9.3 Power Control in MBMS Multicast Mode......Page 342
9.3.1 HS-DSCH Power Profile......Page 344
9.3.3 FACH Power Profile......Page 345
9.4.2 Macro Diversity Combining......Page 347
9.4.3 Rate Splitting......Page 349
9.5 Existing Radio Bearer Selection Mechanisms......Page 350
9.5.1 MBMS Counting Mechanism (TS 25.346)......Page 351
9.5.2 MBMS PTP/PTM Switching Algorithm (TR 25.922)......Page 352
9.5.3 Mechanism Proposed in 3GPP TSG RAN1 R1-02-1240......Page 353
9.6 Proposed MBMS Mechanism......Page 354
9.6.1 Performance Evaluation......Page 356
9.7 Open Issues......Page 362
References......Page 363
10. Managing Coverage and Interference in UMTS Femtocell Deployments......Page 365
10.1 Introduction to Femtocell Technology......Page 366
10.2.1 Frequency Planning......Page 369
10.2.2 UE Selection of the Femtocell......Page 370
10.2.3 Access Control......Page 371
10.3 RF Provisioning and Downlink Interference Mitigation......Page 372
10.3.1 RF Provisioning Problem Formulation......Page 374
10.3.2 Downlink Interference Scenarios......Page 380
10.4 Uplink Interference Scenarios and Mitigation Techniques......Page 384
10.4.1 Interference to Femtocell Reverse Link from Macrocell UEs......Page 385
10.4.2 Interference to the Macrocell Reverse Link Due to Femtocell UEs......Page 391
10.4.3 Mitigating Uplink Interference from Femtocell UEs to Macrocell Base Stations......Page 393
10.5 Summary, Challenges, and Opportunities......Page 396
10.5.1 Summary of Interference Mitigation Techniques......Page 397
10.5.3 Standardization in the Deployment of Femtocell Networks......Page 398
References......Page 399
Section IV: Lte Planning and Optimization......Page 401
11. RF Planning and Optimization for LTE Networks......Page 402
11.1 Introduction......Page 403
11.2.1 LTE Network Architecture......Page 404
11.3 Duplexing, Coding, and Modulation in LTE......Page 406
11.3.1 LTE Physical Channels......Page 411
11.3.2 Coding, Modulation, and Multiplexing......Page 412
11.4.2 Cell IDs......Page 415
11.4.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems (MIMO)......Page 418
11.4.6 Antenna Arrays......Page 420
11.5 Propagation Modeling......Page 421
11.5.2 Empirical/Statistical Path Loss Models......Page 422
11.5.3 Deterministic Path Loss Models......Page 425
11.5.4 Link Budget......Page 426
11.6.1 Performance Parameters......Page 429
11.6.3 Measurement Types......Page 431
11.7.1 Postdeployment Optimization......Page 432
11.8 Conclusion......Page 433
References......Page 434
12. Advanced Radio Access Networks for LTE and Beyond......Page 436
12.1 Introduction......Page 437
12.2.1 UMTS Radio Access Network......Page 439
12.2.2 Long-Term Evolution RAN (E-UTRAN)......Page 441
12.2.3 LTE-Advanced RAN......Page 442
12.3.1 Overview of OFDMA RRM......Page 443
12.3.2 Transmission Scheduling in Time and Frequency......Page 444
12.3.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding......Page 446
12.3.5 Interference Avoidance......Page 447
12.3.6 RRM Techniques for Multihop OFDMA Networks......Page 448
12.4 Advanced RANs for Beyond-4G Networks......Page 450
12.4.1 Advanced RANs for Beyond 4G......Page 451
12.5 Summary......Page 454
References......Page 455
13. Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Closed-Loop Power Control for 3G LTE......Page 458
13.1.1 Multiplexing Schemes......Page 459
13.2 Introduction to Power Control......Page 460
13.3.1 PUSCH Power Control Signaling......Page 464
13.4.1 Power Spectral Density (PSD)......Page 465
13.4.2 Conventional Power Control Scheme......Page 466
13.4.3 Fractional Power Control Scheme......Page 467
13.4.4 Slope of the Received PSD......Page 468
13.4.5 Open-Loop Power Control......Page 469
13.4.6 Closed-Loop Power Control......Page 470
13.5 Proposed Closed-Loop Power Control Algorithm......Page 472
13.5.1 Power Headroom Report......Page 473
13.5.2 Mathematical Model for Setting an SINR Target Based on Path Loss of the Users......Page 474
13.5.3 Processing and Round-Trip Time Delay Model......Page 476
13.5.4 Absolute Open-Loop Error Model......Page 477
13.6 Simulation Environment and Results......Page 478
13.6.1 Investigation for the Optimal Value of the Path Loss Compensation Factor......Page 480
13.6.3 Ideal Case......Page 482
13.6.4 Performance Analysis with Absolute Error and TPC Delay......Page 483
13.6.5 Performance Analysis with the Power Headroom Report......Page 485
13.6.7 Power Use......Page 487
13.7 Conclusions......Page 488
References......Page 489
14. Key Technologies and Network Planningin TD-LTE Systems......Page 490
14.1 Introduction......Page 491
14.2 Overview of TD-LTE Principles and Standards......Page 492
14.3 Capacity Dimensions of TD-LTE......Page 493
14.3.2 Outage Probability for Multiple-Cell Clusters......Page 495
14.4.1 Beamforming Technique......Page 500
14.4.2 Inter-cell Coordination......Page 502
14.4.3 Scheduling and Link Adaptation......Page 504
14.5.1 Link Level Simulation......Page 512
14.5.2 TD-LTE Link Budget......Page 520
14.6.1 Frame Structure......Page 524
14.6.2 Wraparound Technique......Page 526
14.6.3 Channel Interface......Page 529
14.6.5 Overhead Calculation......Page 530
14.6.6 System Performances Analysis......Page 532
14.7.1 Frequency Reuse Factor(FRF) Deduction in OFDM/OFDMA Cellular Systems......Page 538
14.7.2 FRF of Downlink Control Channels in TD-LTE......Page 540
14.8 Performance Enhancement in TD-LTE......Page 544
14.8.1 Directional Relay in TD-LTE......Page 545
14.8.2 Performance Evaluation of Directional Relay......Page 546
References......Page 550
15. Planning and Optimization of Multihop Relaying Networks......Page 552
15.1 Introduction......Page 553
15.2.1 Properties of Relay-Based Networks......Page 554
15.2.2 Deployment of Relay-Based Networks......Page 555
15.3.1 Interference Model......Page 556
15.3.2 Cooperative Relay Networks......Page 558
15.4.1 Parameter Reconfiguration......Page 560
15.4.2 Frequency Planning......Page 563
15.4.3 System Level Simulation and Performance Evaluation Methods......Page 567
15.5 Optimization Techniques......Page 576
15.5.2 Multiobjective Optimization......Page 577
15.6 Planning Criteria for LTE—An Economic Perspective......Page 580
15.7 Conclusion and Open Issues......Page 586
References......Page 587
16.1 Introduction......Page 589
16.2 Objectives and Requirements......Page 592
16.3 Evaluation Methodology and Simulation Assumptions......Page 594
16.3.1 Link-Level Simulator Design......Page 595
16.3.2 Radio Access Network System Level Simulator......Page 597
16.4 System Level Performance Results......Page 599
16.4.1 BLER Results......Page 600
16.4.2 Coverage Results......Page 603
16.4.3 Throughput Results......Page 605
16.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 609
References......Page 610