Evolutionary Dynamics of Forests Under Climate Change

Cover_978-94-007-1935-4......Page 1
front-matter......Page 2
Evolutionary Dynamics of Forests under Climate Change......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Part I: Human Impacts on North American Forests......Page 22
1.2 Excess CO2 in the Atmosphere......Page 24
1.5 Long-Lived Molecule in the Earth’s Atmosphere......Page 26
1.6 The Greenhouse Gas Effect......Page 27
1.6.2 Measuring CO2 and CO2 Equivalents......Page 28
1.7.1 Climate Change Effects Are Regional......Page 30
1.8 Loss of Forest Cover Accelerates Climate Change......Page 31
1.10 U.S. South Forests......Page 32
1.11 Closing......Page 33
References and Related Readings......Page 34
2.2 Pinus taeda Forests in the U.S. South......Page 38
2.3.1 Lost Pines Anomaly......Page 40
2.3.3 Predictions for Pinus taeda in the U.S. South......Page 41
2.3.5 Predictions for No-Analog Ecosystems......Page 42
2.4 Drawbacks to Bioclimate Envelope Predictions......Page 43
2.5.3 Measuring Genetic Variation......Page 44
2.6.2 Migration......Page 45
2.7 The Role of Seed Dispersal......Page 47
2.10 Closing......Page 48
References and Related Readings......Page 49
Part II: The Lost Pines Narrative......Page 53
3.2 The Lost Pines Area......Page 56
3.2.1 Bastrop State Park......Page 57
3.2.2 Census Count......Page 61
3.2.3 The Lost Pines: Owners and Stakeholders......Page 62
3.2.4 The Lost Pines: A Disjunct Population......Page 64
3.2.6 Lost Pines: A Refugial Ecosystem......Page 65
3.3.2 Hurricanes, Tropical Storms and Ice......Page 66
3.4 Beneath the Surface......Page 68
3.5.1 The Savanna-Prairie Matrix......Page 69
3.5.2 The Gap Between Lost Pines and Piney Woods......Page 70
3.6.1 Austin and the Edwards Plateau......Page 71
3.6.3 Coastal Plain and the Western Gulf Coast Basin......Page 72
3.7 Closing......Page 73
References and Related Readings......Page 75
4.2 Early Human Activity in Texas......Page 78
4.3 European Exploration......Page 79
4.3.2 Spain’s Military Road......Page 80
4.3.3 Concerns Over the Louisiana Purchase......Page 81
4.3.4 Moses Austin Petitions for a Land Grant......Page 82
4.4.1 New Spain and Mexico......Page 83
Box 4.1 Three Major Native Americans Tribes......Page 84
Box 4.2 Baron De Bastrop......Page 85
4.4.3 The United States......Page 86
4.4.4 The Confederate States of America......Page 87
4.4.5 Re-Admitted to the United States......Page 88
4.4.6 Sargent’s Visit......Page 89
4.5.1 Wasteful Logging Practices......Page 90
4.5.2 East Texas Piney Woods......Page 91
4.5.4 Founding of the Texas Forest Service......Page 93
4.5.6 A Role for the Lost Pines......Page 94
4.5.8 Making Selections......Page 96
Box 4.3 Walking Through the History of the Lost Pines Area......Page 97
4.6 Closing......Page 98
References and Related Readings......Page 100
5.2 The Tale of Two Rivers......Page 102
5.2.1 The Colorado River of Texas......Page 104
5.3 Geological Events......Page 107
5.4.1 The Lost Pines Forest and the Wilcox-Carrizo Aquifer......Page 108
5.5 Closing......Page 110
References and Related Readings......Page 112
Part III: An Evolutionary Synthesis......Page 116
6.2 Taxonomic Classification......Page 118
6.3.1 Tertiary Period......Page 119
6.3.2 Quaternary Period......Page 121
6.3.2.1 Pleistocene Epoch......Page 122
6.3.2.3 A Pleistocene Refugium in Florida......Page 123
 Another Pleistocene Refugium in Texas?......Page 124
6.3.2.4 The Holocene Epoch Brings Hot Dry Altithermal-Type Events......Page 127
6.5 Closing......Page 128
References and Related Readings......Page 129
7.2 The Two Phases of the Life Cycle......Page 136
7.2.1 The Diploid Sporophyte Phase......Page 137
Box 7.1 Long Generation Interval for Pinus taeda in Texas......Page 138
7.3 Two Vehicles for Dispersal......Page 139
7.4 Pollen Dispersal......Page 140
7.5.1 Colonization......Page 143
7.6.1 Hybridization......Page 144
7.6.3 Sweepstakes Dispersal......Page 146
References and Related Readings......Page 147
8.2 Genetic Variation Protects......Page 154
8.3 Forest Tree Populations Harbor High Genetic Diversity......Page 155
8.3.3 The Center-Periphery Model......Page 157
8.4.1 Retreating Edge Model......Page 158
8.5.1 Lost Pines: Retreating Edge or Stable Rear Edge?......Page 160
8.6 Closing......Page 162
References and Related Readings......Page 164
Part IV: A First Approximation for the Future......Page 170
9.1 Introduction......Page 172
9.2 Forest Trees Are Largely Undomesticated......Page 173
9.2.2 Stage 2 Early Domestication......Page 174
9.2.3 Stage 3 Semi-domestication......Page 175
9.3 Genetic Diversity as an Imperative......Page 176
9.4 Closing......Page 177
References and Related Readings......Page 178
10.2 A First Approximation......Page 180
10.2.1 A Scenario for Local Persistence......Page 181
10.2.2 A Scenario for Migration......Page 182
10.2.3 A Scenario for Extirpation......Page 183
10.2.4 Summarizing Scenarios......Page 184
10.3 Closing......Page 185
Reference s and Related Readings......Page 188
Lexicon......Page 192
Index......Page 200