Evolution of the Earth

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Geodynamics: The Unanswered Questions......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
The Eclogite Source Region......Page 12
Location of the Two Source Regions......Page 14
Primitive Mantle......Page 15
Mantle Metasomatism and the Redistribution of Trace Elements......Page 17
Plate Tectonics......Page 18
Hotspot Propulsion......Page 19
Summary and Discussion......Page 20
References......Page 21
Introduction......Page 24
General Results for the Transition Zone and Lower Mantle......Page 25
General Results for the Outer Core......Page 26
Region B of the Upper Mantle......Page 27
The Proposed Geotherm, 80 to 5153 Km......Page 30
References......Page 31
Introduction......Page 33
Core Velocity Models......Page 34
Region E......Page 35
Region F......Page 37
Density Distributions in the Core......Page 38
Index of Homogeneity of State......Page 40
References......Page 41
Introduction......Page 43
Seismic Characteristics and a General Model of the Lower Crust......Page 45
Crustal Structure and Tectonic Evolution......Page 47
Implications and Speculations......Page 52
Conclusions......Page 54
References......Page 55
Introduction......Page 58
The Magnetohydrodynamic Problem of the Geodynamo......Page 59
Magnetohydrodynamic Models of the Geodynamo......Page 60
References......Page 62
Some Fundamental Questions......Page 64
The Age of the Crust......Page 65
Comparison Between Earth and Moon......Page 66
Sources of Continental Crust......Page 68
The Composition of the Crust......Page 69
Mantle-Crust Material Balance and Crustal Recycling......Page 70
References......Page 71
Introduction......Page 74
Geological Evidence......Page 76
References......Page 78
The Kirkpatrick Basalt......Page 80
Summary......Page 84
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 87
Geochemical Cycle St.age 2: Subduction......Page 88
The History of Continents......Page 89
Reference......Page 90
Introduction......Page 92
Western North America......Page 93
The North American Central Plains Conductive Anomaly......Page 94
A Rift Anomaly in Southern Africa......Page 96
References......Page 99
Introduction......Page 101
Cause of Borehole Elongations......Page 102
Crustal Stress in Alberta, Canada......Page 105
References......Page 109
Introduction......Page 110
Recent Models of a Cooling Core......Page 111
References......Page 113
Introduction......Page 115
Sulfur......Page 116
Carbon......Page 118
Strontium......Page 119
Oxygen......Page 120
Conclusions......Page 121
References......Page 122
Evidence from Iron-bearing Sedimentary Rocks......Page 125
Evidence from Nickel Deposits......Page 128
Evidence from Gold Ores......Page 129
Evidence from Uranium Deposits......Page 133
Summary of Metallogenic Evolution......Page 134
Synthesis......Page 135
Conclusions......Page 140
References......Page 141
Bulk Composition......Page 146
Planetary Evolution......Page 149
References......Page 151
Introduction......Page 152
Basic Data and Plate Tectonic Models......Page 155
Interpretation......Page 162
Conclusion......Page 168
References......Page 169
Introduction......Page 172
The Model.......Page 175
References......Page 200
I. A Description of the Processes Under Study......Page 201
II. The Thermodynamics and Energetics of Oxidation Reduction Processes in the Undifferentiated Earth......Page 202
III. The Earth's Core......Page 209
References......Page 213
Review of the Model......Page 215
Isotopes......Page 216
A Mantle with an Internal 'Lithosphere'......Page 218
References......Page 220
1.Introduction......Page 222
2. Evolutionary heat flow relationships......Page 223
3. Model of lithosphere thermal properties......Page 225
5. Convective heat transfer conditions......Page 226
6. Heat transfer evolutionary model......Page 228
Discussion......Page 229
References......Page 231
Introduction......Page 234
2. Mantle Viscosity and convection......Page 236
3. Convection in the laboratory and in the Earth......Page 239
4. Boundary layer stability: surface plates and mantle plumes......Page 244
5. Mantle climate and convection......Page 247
References......Page 251
Introduction......Page 254
Mass Distribution and Random Velocities of Preplanetary Bodies......Page 255
Initial Temperature of the Earth......Page 256
References......Page 259
Temperature and Pressure Effects......Page 261
Chemical Effects......Page 262
High Conductivity Layers and Partial Melting......Page 263
Conclusions......Page 264
References......Page 266
Introduction......Page 269
Theory of the Gruneisen Parameter......Page 270
Density Dependence of y-Inference from Thermodynamic Relations......Page 271
Melting at High Pressure......Page 273
References......Page 275
Introduction - The Heat Budget Equation......Page 277
Temperature Dependence of the Convective Heat Flux......Page 278
Palcotectonics - a Discussion......Page 280
References......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Sources......Page 283
Parameters of the Lower Mantle......Page 284
Results of Numerical Experiments......Page 286
References......Page 287