Evidence in International Litigation

Acknowledgement......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 16
Table of Cases......Page 20
Part I Introductory......Page 36
(a) International disputes......Page 38
(b) International tribunals......Page 43
Methodology......Page 45
The Basic General Principle: A Fair Trial......Page 48
International Criminal and Human Rights Tribunals......Page 54
CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF THE LAW AND AREAS OF APPLICATION OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES......Page 56
Evidence, Pleadings and Indictments......Page 66
Burden of Proof......Page 69
The Burden of Evidence......Page 72
The Relationship among the Components......Page 77
Rules of Evidence......Page 82
CHAPTER 4 PROOF: FACT AND LAW......Page 85
Part II General Principles......Page 94
The Established Principle......Page 96
(a) World Court cases......Page 102
(b) Other international tribunal cases......Page 107
Incidence of the Burden of Proof in General......Page 110
Division of the Burden of Proof......Page 113
Conclusions Regarding the Burden of Proof......Page 123
Policy Arguments against the Principle Actori Incumbit Onus Probandi as a Rule of Evidence......Page 125
CHAPTER 6 OBLIGATION OF PARTIES TO CO-OPERATE......Page 131
Conventions, Statutes and Rules......Page 133
Precedents......Page 136
Consequences of the Principle......Page 144
Conclusions......Page 149
Facilitation without Further Action by the Tribunal......Page 153
Facilitation Resulting in Subsequent Action by the Tribunal......Page 161
Inflicting Penalties......Page 165
(a) Difficulties in securing evidence in general......Page 173
(b) Documents in the possession of the other party......Page 176
(c) Voluminous evidence......Page 178
(d) Absence of a party......Page 179
CHAPTER 8 MECHANICS OF PROOF: POWERS OF TRIBUNALS......Page 182
Presentation of Pleadings and Evidence......Page 183
Oral Proceedings......Page 185
Acceptance or Refusal of Further Pleadings and Evidence......Page 186
Measures Applied to Find Facts......Page 187
CHAPTER 9 ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE: POWERS OF TRIBUNALS......Page 198
(a) Late-filed evidence......Page 202
(b) Evidence obtained through settlement negotiations......Page 209
(c) Evidence obtained by violation of international law......Page 212
(e) Time-barred evidence......Page 215
(f) Irrelevant evidence......Page 217
(g) Documents lacking authenticity......Page 218
CHAPTER 10 EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE......Page 220
Further Evidence not Required......Page 223
Statements and Affidavits......Page 224
Sworn Statements by Witnesses and Affidavits......Page 230
Documentary Evidence......Page 238
Best Evidence and Circumstantial Evidence......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 243
CHAPTER 11 PRESUMPTIONS AND INFERENCES......Page 246
Legal Presumptions......Page 247
Inferences or Judicial Presumptions......Page 258
CHAPTER 12 STANDARD OF PROOF......Page 267
Proof beyond a Reasonable Doubt......Page 270
Proof in a Convincing Manner......Page 274
Preponderance of Evidence......Page 276
The Reasonable Conclusion......Page 278
Other Standards......Page 280
The Prima Facie Case......Page 281
Jurisdictional Issues and Prima Facie Evidence......Page 293
Part III Special Issues in Specific Tribunals......Page 298
CHAPTER 13 PROOF AND EVIDENCE BEFORE THE ICJ: A SPECIAL PROBLEM......Page 300
CHAPTER 14 SPECIAL PROBLEMS BEFORE INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS......Page 315
Calling of Witnesses......Page 319
(a) General......Page 323
(b) The treatment of claims of confidentiality......Page 327
The Use of Experts......Page 340
Conclusion......Page 348
CHAPTER 15 SPECIAL ASPECTS OF EVIDENCE BEFORE THE ICTY......Page 350
Admissibility and Weight of Evidence: General......Page 351
(a) Direct evidence......Page 358
(b) Indirect evidence......Page 360
(c) Specific exclusions......Page 361
Admissibility and Weight of Evidence: Hearsay......Page 363
(a) Admission and exclusion of hearsay: different kinds of hearsay......Page 365
(b) The tribunal's treatment of hearsay evidence: admissibility and weight......Page 369
Protection of Victims and Witnesses......Page 376
(a) Anonymity......Page 382
(b) Closed sessions......Page 386
(c) Measures to protect witnesses from retraumatization......Page 388
Discovery and Disclosure of Evidence......Page 389
(a) Prior statements of the accused......Page 392
(b) Exculpatory material......Page 393
(c) Notification obligations for witness testimony......Page 396
(d) Additional disclosure obligations......Page 398
CHAPTER 16 SPECIAL ASPECTS OF EVIDENCE BEFORE THE IRAN-US CLAIMS TRIBUNAL......Page 400
The Burden of Proof and the Burden of Evidence......Page 404
The Standard of Proof......Page 408
Presumptions and Inferences......Page 410
(a) Categories of facts to be proved......Page 416
(i) Oral testimony at hearings......Page 421
(ii) Hearsay evidence......Page 424
(iii) Affidavits......Page 425
(iv) Photographs......Page 429
(v) Technical reports......Page 430
(vi) Experts appointed by the tribunal......Page 431
Appendix Provisions Relating to Evidence......Page 434
(a) Statute of the ICJ......Page 436
(b) Rules of Court of the ICJ, 1978......Page 438
II. RULES OF THE UNAT, 1998......Page 444
III. RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE CJEC, 1991......Page 449
IV. RULES OF COURT OF THE ECHR, 2002......Page 459
(a) Final Draft Articles on Arbitral Procedure of the ILC, 1958......Page 464
(i) Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1907......Page 466
(ii) Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes between Two States, 1992......Page 469
(c) Arbitration Rules of the ICSID, 1984......Page 471
(d) Final Rules of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal, 1983......Page 476
(a) Statute of the ICTY, 1993......Page 481
(b) Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the ICTY, 2002......Page 482