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ویرایش: 4
نویسندگان: Steven McGee
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 0323392768, 9780323392761
ناشر: Elsevier
سال نشر: 2017
تعداد صفحات: 868
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 9 مگابایت
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب تشخیص فیزیکی مبتنی بر شواهد: تشخیص،پزشکی،عمل خانوادگی،طب داخلی،پزشکی،تشخیص،بالینی،پزشکی،پزشکی و علوم بهداشتی،کتاب های درسی جدید، مستعمل و اجاره ای،بوتیک تخصصی،خانواده و مطب عمومی،بالینی،پزشکی،پزشکی،جدید و بهداشت کتابهای درسی و اجاره، بوتیک تخصصی، داخلی، بالینی، پزشکی، پزشکی و علوم بهداشتی، کتابهای درسی جدید، مستعمل و اجاره، بوتیک تخصصی
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب تشخیص فیزیکی مبتنی بر شواهد نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
چهارمین نسخه تشخیص فیزیکی مبتنی بر شواهد که بیش از 200 مطالعه جدید در مورد رویکرد تشخیص مبتنی بر شواهد را در خود جای داده است، بهطور کامل از جلد تا جلد بهروزرسانی شده است، منبع اصلی شما برای راهنمایی در مورد تفسیر علائم فیزیکی، که شما را قادر می سازد مناسب ترین یافته فیزیکی برای تایید تشخیص را تعیین کنید. نویسنده مشهور بین المللی، دکتر استیون مک گی، جدیدترین شواهد را در دسترس شما قرار می دهد و به شما این امکان را می دهد که به سرعت همه علائم فیزیکی را برای یک تشخیص معین مقایسه کنید، اهمیت آنها را درک کنید، و سپس دقیق ترین آنها را انتخاب کنید.
Fully updated from cover to cover, incorporating over 200 new studies on the evidence-based approach to diagnosis, the 4th Edition of Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis remains your go-to resource for guidance on interpreting physical signs, enabling you to determine the most appropriate physical finding to confirm a diagnosis. Internationally renowned author Dr. Steven McGee puts the most current evidence at your fingertips, allowing you to quickly compare all physical signs for a given diagnosis, understand their significance, and then select the most accurate ones.
Evidence-based Physical Diagnosis Copyright Dedication Preface to the Fourth Edition Introduction to the First Edition Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1: What Is Evidence-based Physical Diagnosis? Part 2: Understanding the Evidence Chapter 2: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Findings I. Introduction II. Pre-test Probability III. Sensitivity and Specificity A. Definitions B. Using Sensitivity and Specificity to Determine Probability of Disease IV. Likelihood Ratios A. Definition B. Using Likelihood Ratios to Determine Probability 1. Using Graphs a. Parts of the Graph b. Using the Graph to Determine Probabilit 2. Approximating Probability 3. Calculating Probability C. Advantages of Likelihood Ratios 1. Simplicity 2. Accuracy 3. Levels of Findings 4. Combining Findings a. Independence of Findings b. How to Combine Findings References Chapter 3: Using the Tables in This Book I. Introduction II. Frequency of Findings Tables A. Definition B. Parts of the Table 1. Finding 2. Frequency 3. Footnotes C. Interpretation III. Diagnostic Accuracy Tables (ebm Boxes) A. Definition B. Parts of the EBM Box 1. Finding 2. Sensitivity and Specificity 3. Likelihood Ratios 4. Footnote C. Interpretation of EBM Boxes IV. Criteria for Selecting Studies Used in Diagnostic Accuracy Tables A. Patients Were Symptomatic B. Definition of Physical Sign C. Independent Comparison to a Diagnostic Standard D. 2 × 2 Table Could Be Constructed V. Summarizing Likelihood Ratios References Chapter 4: Using the Evidence-based Medicine Calculator (expert Consult) I. The Evidence-based Medicine Calculator II. Using the Calculator A. Blank Calculator B. Calculating Probability for Specific Conditions Chapter 5: Reliability of Physical Findings Appendix: Calculation of the κ-statistic References Part 3: General Appearance of the Patient Chapter 6: Mental Status Examination I. Introduction II. Clock-drawing Test A. Technique and Scoring B. Clinical Significance III. Mini-cog Test A. Technique and Scoring B. Clinical Significance IV. Mini-mental Status Examination A. Introduction B. Clinical Significance V. Diagnosis of Delirium (Confusion Assessment Method) A. Scoring B. Clinical Significance References Chapter 7: Stance and Gait I. Introduction II. Etiology of Gait Disorders III. Types of Gait Disorders and Their Significance A. Painful Gait (Antalgic Gait) 1. Short Contralateral Step 2. Other Characteristic Features a. Foot Pain b. Knee Pain b. Hip Pain (Coxalgic Gait) B. Immobile Joints C. Weakness of Specific Muscles 1. Trendelenburg Gait and Sign (Abnormal Gluteus Medius and Minimus Gait) a. Definition of Trendelenburg Gait (or Trendelenburg’s Symptom; Friedrich Trendelenburg 1844–1924) b. Etiology of Trendelenburg Gait c. Trendelenburg Sign d. Clinical Significance 2. Gluteus Maximus Gait 3. Weak Quadriceps Gait D. Spasticity 1. Hemiplegic Gait 2. Diplegic Gait E. Rigidity 1. The Parkinsonian Gait (Fig. 7.5) 2. Differential Diagnosis 3. Clinical Significance F. Ataxia 1. Sensory Ataxia 2. Cerebellar Ataxia 3. Romberg Sign a. Introduction b. Definition of a Positive Romberg Sign G. Frontal Gait Disorder 1. Definition 2. Clinical Significance IV. Evaluation of Gait Disorders A. Observational Gait Analysis B. Predicting Falls 1. The Findings a. Stops Walking When Talking b. Timed Up-and-go Test 2. Clinical Significance V. Canes A. Length of Cane B. Contralateral Versus Ipsilateral Use of Cane References Chapter 8: Jaundice I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Jaundice B. Associated Findings 1. Hepatocellular Jaundice a. Spider Telangiectasia (Spider Angiomas) b. Palmar Erythema c. Gynecomastia and Diminished Body Hair d. Dilated Abdominal Veins e. Palpable Spleen f. Asterixis g. Fetor Hepaticus 2. Obstructive Jaundice: Palpable Gallbladder (Courvoisier Sign) III. Clinical Significance A. Detection of Jaundice B. Hepatocellular Versus Obstructive Jaundice C. Diagnosis of Cirrhosis D. Detecting Large Gastroesophageal Varices in Patients with Cirrhosis E. Detecting Hepatopulmonary Syndrome F. Detecting Portopulmonary Hypertension References Chapter 9: Cyanosis I. Definitions II. Pathogenesis A. The Blue Color B. Peripheral Cyanosis III. The Finding A. Central Cyanosis B. Peripheral Cyanosis C. Pseudocyanosis D. Cyanosis and Oximetry IV. Clinical Significance A. Central Cyanosis B. Peripheral Cyanosis C. Pseudocyanosis References Chapter 10: Anemia I. Introduction II. The Findings III. Clinical Significance References Chapter 11: Hypovolemia I. Introduction II. The Findings and Their Pathogenesis III. Clinical Significance References Chapter 12: Protein-energy Malnutrition and Weight Loss Protein-energy Malnutrition I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Arm Muscle Circumference B. Grip Strength III. Clinical Significance Weight Loss I. Introduction II. Clinical Significance References Chapter 13: Obesity I. Introduction II. The Findings and Their Significance A. Body Mass Index 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance B. Skinfold Thickness C. Waist-to-hip Ratio 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance 3. Pathogenesis D. Waist Circumference E. Sagittal Diameter References Chapter 14: Cushing Syndrome I. Introduction II. The Findings and Their Pathogenesis A. Body Habitus B. Hypertension C. Skin Findings D. Proximal Weakness E. Depression F. Pseudo-cushing Syndrome III. Clinical Significance A. Diagnostic Accuracy of Findings B. Etiology of Cushing Syndrome and Bedside Findings References Part 4: Vital Signs Chapter 15: Pulse Rate and Contour Pulse Rate I. Introduction II. Technique III. The Finding IV. Clinical Significance Abnormalities of Pulse Contour I. Pulsus Alternans A. The Finding B. Technique C. Clinical Significance D. Pathogenesis II. Pulsus Bisferiens A. The Finding B. Technique C. Clinical Significance D. Pathogenesis III. Pulsus Paradoxus A. The Finding B. Technique C. Clinical Significance 1. Cardiac Tamponade 2. Cardiac Tamponade Without Pulsus Paradoxus 3. Asthma 4. Pulsus Paradoxus in Other Conditions 5. Reversed Pulsus Paradoxus D. Pathogenesis 1. Cardiac Tamponade 2. Asthma IV. Pulsus Parvus ET Tardus A. The Finding and Technique B. Clinical Significance C. Pathogenesis V. Dicrotic Pulse A. The Finding and Technique B. Clinical Significance C. Pathogenesis VI. Hyperkinetic Pulse A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance VII. Pulses and Hypovolemic Shock References Chapter 16: Abnormalities of Pulse Rhythm I. Introduction II. Technique III. The Findings and Their Clinical Significance A. The Pause 1. Terminology 2. Basic Mechanism of the Pause a. Premature Beat b. Heart Block 3. Bigeminal and Trigeminal Rhythms, and Grouped Beating 4. Atrial Versus Ventricular Premature Contractions a. Compensatory Pause b. Cannon a Waves B. Regular Bradycardia 1. Sinus Bradycardia 2. Complete Heart Block a. Changing Intensity of the First Heart Sound b. Intermittent Appearance of Cannon a Waves in the Venous Pulse c. Other Evidence of Atrioventricular Dissociation 3. Halved Pulse C. Regular Tachycardia 1. Vagal Maneuvers a. Technique b. Response of Regular Tachycardias to Vagal Maneuvers 2. Atrioventricular Dissociation 3. Flutter Waves in the Venous Pulse 4. Sensation of Pounding in the Neck D. Irregular Rhythm That Varies with Respiration E. Irregularly Irregular Rhythm (Chaotic Rhythm) References Chapter 17: Blood Pressure I. Introduction II. Technique A. Auscultatory Versus Oscillometric Methods B. Recommended Technique C. Korotkoff Sounds (Auscultatory Method) 1. Definition of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure 2. Pathogenesis D. Measurement Using Palpation E. Postural Vital Signs F. Common Errors 1. Wrong Cuff Size 2. Auscultatory Gap 3. Inappropriate Level of the Arm 4. Terminal Digit Preference (Auscultatory Method) G. Other Variables III. The Findings and Their Clinical Significance A. Hypertension 1. Essential Hypertension 2. Pseudohypertension and Osler Sign B. Hypotension C. Differences in Pressure Between the Arms 1. Subclavian Steal Syndrome 2. Aortic Dissection D. Differences in Pressure Between Arms and Legs 1. Chronic Ischemia of the Lower Extremities 2. Coarctation of the Aorta E. Abnormal Pulse Contour F. Abnormal Pulse Pressure 1. Abnormally Small Pulse Pressure 2. Abnormally Large Pulse Pressure G. Orthostatic Hypotension 1. Postural Vital Signs in Healthy Persons 2. Vital Signs and Hypovolemia a. Postural Change in Pulse b. Postural Change in Blood Pressure c. Supine Pulse and Supine Blood Pressure H. Blood Pressure and Impaired Consciousness I. Capillary Fragility Test (Rumpel-Leede Test) References Chapter 18: Temperature I. Introduction II. Technique A. Site of Measurement B. Variables Affecting the Temperature Measurement 1. Eating and Smoking 2. Tachypnea 3. Cerumen 4. Hemiparesis 5. Mucositis III. The Finding A. Normal Temperature and Fever B. Fever Patterns C. Associated Findings 1. Focal Findings 2. Relative Bradycardia 3. Anhidrosis 4. Muscle Rigidity IV. Clinical Significance A. Detection of Fever B. Predictors of Bacteremia in Febrile Patients C. Extreme Pyrexia and Hypothermia D. Fever Patterns E. Relative Bradycardia F. Fever of Unknown Origin References Chapter 19: Respiratory Rate and Abnormal Breathing Patterns Respiratory Rate I. Introduction II. Technique III. Finding A. The Normal Respiratory Rate B. Tachypnea C. Bradypnea IV. Clinical Significance A. Tachypnea B. Tachypnea and Oxygen Saturation C. Bradypnea Abnormal Breathing Patterns I. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing (Peroidic Breathing) A. Introduction B. The Finding 1. The Breathing Pattern 2. Associated Bedside Observations C. Clinical Significance 1. Associated Conditions 2. Prognostic Importance D. Pathogenesis 1. Enhanced Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide 2. Circulatory Delay Between Lungs and Arteries II. Kussmaul Respirations III. Grunting Respirations A. Definition B. Pathogenesis IV. Abnormal Abdominal Movements A. Normal Abdominal Movements B. Abnormal Abdominal Movements 1. Asynchronous Breathing a. Findings b. Clinical Significance c. Pathogenesis 2. Respiratory Alternans 3. Paradoxical Abdominal Movements a. Finding b. Clinical Significance c. Pathogenesis V. Orthopnea, Trepopnea, and Platypnea A. Orthopnea 1. Finding 2. Clinical Significance 3. Pathogenesis B. Trepopnea 1. Finding 2. Clinical Significance a. Unilateral Parenchymal Lung Disease b. Congestive Heart Failure From Dilated Cardiomyopathy c. Mediastinal or Endobronchial Tumor d. Other Causes C. Platypnea 1. Finding 2. Clinical Significance a. Right-to-left Shunting of Blood Through a Patent Foramen Ovale or Atrial Septal Defect b. Right-to-left Shunting of Blood Through Intrapulmonary Shunts References Chapter 20: Pulse Oximetry I. Introduction II. The Finding III. Clinical Significance A. Advantages of Pulse Oximetry B. Limitations of Pulse Oximetry 1. Dyshemoglobinemias 2. Dyes 3. Low Perfusion Pressure 4. Exaggerated Venous Pulsations 5. Ambient Light References Part 5: Head and Neck Chapter 21: The Pupils Normal Pupil I. Introduction II. Size III. Hippus IV. Simple Anisocoria V. Normal Light Reflex A. Anatomy B. Clinical Significance VI. Near Synkinesis Reaction Abnormal Pupils I. Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus Gunn Pupil) A. Introduction B. The Finding C. Clinical Significance 1. Optic Nerve Disease 2. Retinal Disease 3. Cataracts Do Not Cause the Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect II. Argyll Robertson Pupils A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance 1. Associated Disorders 2. Differential Diagnosis of Light-near Dissociation 3. Near-light Dissociation III. Oval Pupil A. Evolving Third Nerve Palsy From Brain Herniation B. Adie Tonic Pupil (See Later) C. Previous Surgery or Trauma to the Iris IV. Anisocoria A. Definition B. Technique C. Abnormal Pupillary Constrictor Muscle 1. Full Third Nerve Palsy: Associated Ptosis and Paralysis of Ocular Movements a. Ipsilateral Brain Herniation (Hutchinson Pupil) b. Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm 2. The Tonic Pupil a. the Finding b. Pathogenesis c. Clinical Significance 3. Disorders of the Iris a. Pharmacologic Blockade of the Pupil with Topical Anticholinergic Drugs 4. The Poorly Reactive Pupil—response to Pilocarpine D. Abnormal Pupillary Dilator 1. Definition 2. Horner Syndrome Versus Simple Anisocoria 3. Clinical Significance of Horner Syndrome a. Etiology (1). Associated Findings (2). Facial Sweating (3). Distinguishing Third Nerve Lesions From First and Second Nerve Lesions: The Eyedrop Tests E. Intraocular Inflammation V. Diabetes and the Pupil VI. Pinpoint Pupils and Altered Mental Status References Chapter 22: Diabetic Retinopathy I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Nonproliferative Changes (Fig. 22.1) B. Proliferative Retinopathy C. Macular Edema III. Clinical Significance A. Visual Acuity and Diabetic Retinopathy B. Diagnostic Accuracy of Ophthalmoscopy C. Screening Recommendations References Chapter 23: The Red Eye I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Distinguishing Serious From Benign Disease 1. Visual Acuity 2. Pupillary Abnormalities 3. Pupil Constriction Tests a. Direct Photophobia Test b. Indirect (Consensual) Photophobia Test c. Finger-to-nose Convergence Test B. Distinguishing Bacterial Conjunctivitis From Nonbacterial Causes 1. Normal Conjunctival Anatomy 2. Papillary Conjunctivitis Versus Follicular conjunctivitis III. Clinical Significance A. Distinguishing Serious From Benign Disease B. Distinguishing Bacterial Conjunctivitis From Nonbacterial Causes 1. Individual Findings 2. Combined Findings References Chapter 24: Hearing I. Introduction II. Technique A. Whispered Voice Test B. Finger Rub Test C. Ticking Watch Test D. Tuning Fork Tests 1. Introduction 2. The Frequency of the Tuning Fork 3. Method of Striking the Fork 4. Weber Test 5. Rinne Test III. Clinical Significance A. Whispered Voice Test B. Finger Rub Test C. Ticking Watch Test D. Tuning Fork Tests References Chapter 25: Thyroid and Its Disorders Goiter I. Introduction II. Technique A. Normal Thyroid B. Examination for Goiter 1. Inspection 2. Palpation 3. Observing the Patient Swallow III. The Findings A. Cervical Goiter B. Substernal and Retroclavicular Goiters C. Thyroglossal Cyst D. Pseudogoiter E. The Delphian Node IV. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Goiter B. Etiology of Goiter Thyroid Nodules I. Introduction II. Occult Nodules III. Clinical Significance Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) I. Introduction II. Findings and Their Pathogenesis A. Skin and Soft Tissue B. The Achilles Reflex C. Hypothyroid Speech D. Obesity III. Clinical Significance Hyperthyroidism I. Introduction II. Findings and Their Pathogenesis A. The Thyroid B. Eye Findings 1. Lid Lag 2. Lid Retraction 3. Graves Ophthalmopathy C. Cardiovascular Findings D. Skin Findings E. Neuromuscular Findings III. Clinical Significance References Chapter 26: Meninges I. The Findings A. Neck Stiffness B. Kernig Sign C. Brudzinski Sign II. Pathogenesis of Meningeal Signs III. Clinical Significance A. Acute Bacterial Meningitis B. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Intracerebral Hemorrhage References Chapter 27: Peripheral Lymphadenopathy I. Introduction II. Anatomy and Pathogenesis A. Introduction B. Regional Lymph Node Groups 1. Cervical Nodes 2. Supraclavicular Nodes 3. Epitrochlear Nodes 4. Axillary Nodes 5. Inguinal Nodes III. The Finding A. Describing Adenopathy B. Generalized Lymphadenopathy C. “Glandular” Syndromes IV. Clinical Significance A. Definition of Disease B. Extranodal Mimics of Lymph Nodes C. Individual Findings D. Combined Findings E. Lymph Node Syndromes 1. Supraclavicular Adenopathy 2. Epitrochlear Adenopathy 3. Identifying Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Developing Nations 4. Fever of Unknown Origin 5. Staging Patients with Known Cancer 6. Ulceroglandular and Oculoglandular Syndromes References Part 6: The Lungs Chapter 28: Inspection of the Chest I. Clubbing (Acropachy, Hippocratic Fingers) A. Introduction B. The Finding 1. Interphalangeal Depth Ratio 2. Hyponychial Angle 3. Schamroth Sign 4. Other Definitions C. Clinical Significance 1. Etiology 2. Relationship of Clubbing to Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy 3. Clubbing and Cystic Fibrosis 4. Clubbing and Endocarditis 5. Clubbing and Hepatopulmonary Syndrome D. Pathogenesis II. Barrel Chest A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance III. Pursed Lip Breathing A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance IV. Accessory Muscle Use A. The Finding B. Pathogenesis C. Clinical Significance V. Intensity of Breathing Sounds (Inspiratory White Noise; Noisy Breathing) A. The Finding B. Pathogenesis C. Clinical Significance References Chapter 29: Palpation and Percussion of the Chest Palpation I. Introduction II. Tactile Fremitus A. The Finding B. Technique C. Finding III. Clinical Significance A. Chest Expansion B. Tactile Fremitus C. Chest Wall Tenderness Percussion I. Introduction II. Technique A. Direct Versus Indirect Method B. Types of Percussion 1. Comparative Percussion 2. Topographic Percussion 3. Auscultatory Percussion C. Percussion Blow 1. Force 2. Rapid Withdrawal of Plexor III. The Finding A. Percussion Sounds B. Sense of Resistance C. Glossary of Additional Percussion Terms 1. Skodaic Resonance 2. Grocco Triangle 3. Metallic Resonance (Amphoric Resonance; Coin Test) 4. Krönig Isthmus 5. Cracked-pot Resonance IV. Pathogenesis A. Topographic Percussion Versus Cage Resonance Theory 1. Analysis of Sound Recordings 2. Condition and State of the Body Wall 3. Strength of the Percussion Blow B. Auscultatory Percussion V. Clinical Significance A. Comparative Percussion B. Topographic Percussion of the Diaphragm C. Auscultatory Percussion References Chapter 30: Auscultation of the Lungs I. Breath Sounds A. Finding 1. Vesicular Versus Bronchial Breath Sounds 2. Breath Sound Score B. Pathogenesis 1. Vesicular Sounds A. Origin B. Intensity 2. Bronchial Sounds C. Clinical Significance 1. Breath Sound Intensity 2. Asymmetric Breath Sounds After Intubation 3. Bronchial Breath Sounds II. Vocal Resonance A. The Finding 1. Bronchophony 2. Pectoriloquy 3. Egophony B. Pathogenesis C. Clinical Significance III. Adventitious Sounds A. Introduction B. The Finding 1. Crackles 2. Wheezes and Rhonchi 3. Stridor 4. Pleural Rub 5. Inspiratory Squawk C. Pathogenesis 1. Crackles 2. Wheezes D. Clinical Significance 1. Crackles a. Normal Persons b. Crackles and Disease (1). Presence of Crackles (2). Characteristics of Crackles 2. Wheezes a. Presence of Wheezes b. Characteristics of Wheezing 3. Stridor 4. Pleural Rub References Chapter 31: Ancillary Tests I. Forced Expiratory Time A. Technique B. Pathogenesis C. Clinical Significance II. Blow-out-the-match Test A. Technique B. Clinical Significance References Part 7: Selected Pulmonary Disorders Chapter 32: Pneumonia I. Introduction II. Clinical Significance A. Individual Findings B. Laennec Versus Modern Studies C. Combined Findings D. Pneumonia and Prognosis E. Hospital Course References Chapter 33: Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Inspection 1. Inspiratory Recession of Supraclavicular Fossa and Intercostal Spaces 2. Costal Paradox (Hoover Sign, Costal Margin Paradox) 3. Leaning Forward on Arms Propped Up on Knees B. Palpation: Laryngeal Height and Descent III. Clinical Significance A. Individual Findings B. Combined Findings C. Prognosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation (Blood Urea Nitrogen, Altered Mental Status, and Pulse-65 Score) References Chapter 34: Pulmonary Embolism I. Introduction II. The Findings III. Clinical Significance A. Individual Findings B. Combining Findings to Determine Clinical Probability of Embolism References Chapter 35: Pleural Effusion I. Introduction II. The Findings III. Clinical Significance References Part 8: The Heart Chapter 36: Inspection of the Neck Veins I. Introduction II. Venous Pressure A. Definitions 1. Central Venous Pressure 2. Physiologic Zero Point 3. External Reference Point a. Sternal Angle b. Phlebostatic Axis c. Relative Merits of Sternal Angle and Phlebostatic Axis B. Elevated Venous Pressure 1. Technique 2. External Versus Internal Jugular Veins 3. Definition of Elevated CVP C. Bedside Estimates of Venous Pressure Versuscatheter Measurements 1. Diagnostic Accuracy 2. Why Clinicians Underestimate Measured Values D. Clinical Significance of Elevated Venouspressure 1. Differential Diagnosis of Ascites and Edema 2. Elevated Venous Pressure and Left Heart Disease 3. Elevated Venous Pressure During Preoperative Consultation 4. Elevated Venous Pressure and Pericardial Disease 5. Unilateral Elevation of Venous Pressure E. Clinical Significance of Low Estimated Venous Pressure III. Abdominojugular Test A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance IV. Kussmaul Sign A. Pathogenesis of Elevated Venous Pressure, Abdominojugular Test, and Kussmaul Sign B. Clinical Significant of Kussmaul Sign VI. Venous Waveforms A. Identifying the Internal Jugular Vein B. Components of Venous Waveforms C. Timing the X\' and Y Descents 1. Using Heart Tones 2. Using the Carotid Artery D. Clinical Significance 1. Abnormal Descents 2. Abnormally Prominent Outward Waves a. Giant A Waves (Abrupt Presystolic Outward Waves) b. Systolic Waves (1). Tricuspid Regurgitation (2). Cannon A Waves (a). Regular Cannon A Waves (b). Intermittent Cannon A Waves References Chapter 37: Percussion of the Heart I. Introduction II. Clinical Significance References Chapter 38: Palpation of the Heart I. Introduction II. Technique A. Patient Position B. Location of Abnormal Movements C. Making Precordial Movements More Conspicuous III. The Findings A. Normal B. Hyperkinetic C. Sustained D. Retracting E. Heaves, Lifts, and Thrusts IV. Clinical Significance A. Apex Beat 1. Location 2. Diameter of the Apical Impulse 3. Abnormal Movements a. Hyperkinetic Apical Movements b. Sustained Apical Movements c. Retracting Apical Impulse (1). Constrictive Pericarditis (2). Tricuspid Regurgitation B. Left Lower Parasternal Movements 1. Hyperkinetic Movements 2. Sustained Movements a. Right Ventricle b. Left Atrium and Mitral Regurgitation C. Aneurysms D. Diffuse Precordial Movements E. Right Lower Parasternal Movements F. Palpable P2 G. Palpable Third and Fourth Heart Sounds References Chapter 39: Auscultation of the Heart: General Principles I. Characteristics of Heart Soundsand Murmurs II. The Stethoscope A. Bell and Diaphragm B. Performance of Different Stethoscope Models III. Use of the Stethoscope A. Examination Room B. Bell Pressure C. Patient Position D. Order of Examination E. Describing the Location of Sounds F. Technique of Focusing G. Identifying Systole and Diastole 1. Systole Is Shorter Than Diastole 2. Characteristics of the First and Second Heart Sounds 3. Carotid Impulse References Chapter 40: The First and Second Heart Sounds Introduction The First Heart Sound (S1) I. The Finding II. Pathogenesis A. Cause of S1 B. Intensity of S1 1. Ventricular Contractility 2. Position of the Valve Leaflets at Onset of Ventricular Systole III. Clinical Significance A. Loud S1 1. Vigorous Ventricular Contractions 2. Delayed Closure of the Mitral Valve a. Prolapsed Mitral Valve b. Mitral Stenosis c. Left Atrial Myxoma B. Faint or Absent S1 1. Weak Ventricular Contractions (Low dP/dt) 2. Early Closure of the Mitral Valve a. Long PR Interval (>0.20 Seconds) B. Acute Aortic Regurgitation C. Varying Intensity of S1 D. Prominent Splitting of S1 The Second Heart Sound (S2) I. Introduction II. Normal Splitting of S2 A. The Finding B. Location of Sound C. Technique D. Physiology of Splitting III. Abnormal Splitting of S2 A. The Finding 1. Wide Physiologic Splitting 2. Wide Fixed Splitting 3. Paradoxic Splitting (Reversed Splitting) B. Screening for Abnormal Splitting of S2 C. Clinical Significance and Pathogenesis 1. Wide Physiologic Splitting 2. Wide and Fixed Splitting 3. Paradoxic Splitting D. S2 Splitting Versus Other Double Sounds 1. S2-opening Snap 2. S2-pericardial Knock 3. S2-third Heart Sound 4. Late Systolic Click-S2 IV. Intensity of S2 References Chapter 41: The Third and Fourth Heart Sounds I. Introduction II. Definitions A. Gallop B. Third Heart Sound (S3) C. Fourth Heart Sound (S4) D. Summation Gallop E. Quadruple Rhythm III. Technique A. Location of Sound and Use of Stethoscope B. Right Versus Left Ventricular Gallops C. Distinguishing the S4-S1 Sound From Other Sounds 1. Use of the Bell 2. Location 3. Effect of Respiration 4. Palpation IV. Pathogenesis A. Normal Ventricular Filling Curves B. Ventricular Filling and Sound C. The Third Heart Sound (S3) 1. Congestive Heart Failure 2. Regurgitation and Shunts D. The Fourth Heart Sound (S4) E. Summation Gallop and Quadruple Rhythm F. Physiologic S3 V. Clinical Significance A. The Third Heart Sound 1. Congestive Heart Failure 2. Valvular Heart Disease 3. Patients with Acute Chest Pain 4. Preoperative Consultation B. The Fourth Heart Sound References Chapter 42: Miscellaneous Heart Sounds Ejection Sounds I. The Finding and Pathogenesis II. Clinical Significance Mid-to-late Systolic Clicks I. The Finding and Pathogenesis II. Clinical Significance Opening Snap I. The Finding and Pathogenesis II. Clinical Significance Pericardial Knock Tumor Plop Prosthetic Heart Sounds I. Introduction II. Principles A. Opening and Closing Sounds 1. Caged-ball Valves 2. Tilting-disc Valves B. Murmurs References Chapter 43: Heart Murmurs: General Principles I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Basic Classification of Murmurs 1. Systolic Murmurs a. Etiology (1). Abnormal Flow Over An Outflow Tract or Semi Lunar Valve (2). Regurgitation From a Ventricle Into a Low Pressure Chamber b. Older Classifications of Systolic Murmurs: “Ejection” and “Regurgitation” Murmurs 2. Diastolic Murmurs 3. Continuous Murmurs B. Location on the Chest Wall C. Specific Timing and Quality of Murmurs Using Onomatopoeia D. Grading the Intensity of Murmurs III. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Valvular Heart Disease B. Differential Diagnosis of Systolic Murmurs 1. The Functional Murmur 2. Identifying the Cause of Systolic Murmurs a. Distribution of Murmur (Murmur Pattern; See Fig. 43.1) b. Intensity of S1 and S2 c. Timing, Radiation, and Quality of Sound (See Also the Section on Specific Timing and Quality of Murmurs Using Onomatopoeia) d. Intensity of Systolic Murmur During Irregular Rhythms e. Maneuvers (1). Respiration (2). Maneuvers Changing Venous Return (3). Maneuvers Changing Systemic Vascular Resistance (or Afterload) References Part 9: Selected Cardiac Disorders Chapter 44: Aortic Stenosis I. Introduction II. The Findings A. The Murmur B. Associated Cardiac Signs III. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Aortic Stenosis B. Severity of Aortic Stenosis 1. Individual Findings 2. Why Positive Likelihood Ratios Are So Low 3. Combined Findings References Chapter 45: Aortic Regurgitation I. Introduction II. The Findings A. The Murmur(s) 1. Early Diastolic Murmur of Regurgitation 2. Systolic Aortic Flow Murmur 3. Apical Diastolic Rumble: Austin Flint Murmur a. Definition b. Pathogenesis B. Water Hammer Pulse and Increased Pulse Pressure C. Abnormal Pulsations of Other Structures: The Aortic Regurgitation Eponyms D. Hill Test E. Auscultation Over Arteries 1. Pistol-shot Sound a. Definition b. Pathogenesis 2. Duroziez Murmur or Sign a. Definition b. Pathogenesis III. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Aortic Insufficiency B. Distinguishing Aortic Valve Disease From Aortic Root Disease C. Distinguishing Aortic Regurgitation From Pulmonary Regurgitation D. Severity of Aortic Regurgitation 1. The Diastolic Murmur 2. Blood Pressure 3. Hill Test 4. Other Signs E. Acute Aortic Regurgitation F. Distinguishing the Austin Flint Murmur From Mitral Stenosis References Chapter 46: Miscellaneous Heart Murmurs Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy I. The Murmur II. Associated Findings Mitral Regurgitation I. The Finding A. The Murmur B. Associated Findings II. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Mitral Regurgitation B. Severity of Mitral Regurgitation 1. The Murmur 2. Other Findings C. Distinguishing Acute From Chronic Mitral Regurgitation D. Papillary Muscle Dysfunction Mitral Valve Prolapse I. Introduction II. The Findings A. The Murmur B. The Clicks C. Response of Murmurs and Clicks to Maneuvers III. Clinical Significance A. Detection of Mitral Valve Prolapse B. Risk of Significant Mitral Regurgitation Tricuspid Regurgitation I. The Findings A. The Murmur 1. High-pressure Tricuspid Regurgitation 2. Low-pressure Tricuspid Regurgitation B. Other Findings 1. High-pressure Tricuspid Regurgitation 2. Low-pressure Tricuspid Regurgitation C. Estimating Venous Pressure in Tricuspid Regurgitation II. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Tricuspid Regurgitation B. Severity of Tricuspid Regurgitation Pulmonic Regurgitation I. The Finding A. High-pressure Pulmonic Regurgitation B. Low-pressure Pulmonic Regurgitation II. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Pulmonic Regurgitation B. Detecting Pulmonary Hypertension C. Hemodialysis Patients Mitral Stenosis I. The Findings A. The Murmur B. Other Cardiac Findings II. Clinical Significance A. The Murmur B. Other Cardiac Findings Arteriovenous Fistulae: The Hemodialysis Fistula References Chapter 47: Disorders of the Pericardium Pericarditis and the Pericardial Rub I. Introduction II. The Finding III. Clinical Significance A. The Rub and Pericarditis B. The Rub and Pericardial Effusion C. The Rub and Neoplastic Disease D. The Rub and Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Tamponade I. Introduction II. The Findings Constrictive Pericarditis I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Neck Veins B. Kussmaul Sign C. Pericardial Knock D. Other Findings References Chapter 48: Congestive Heart Failure I. Introduction II. The Findings III. The Valsalva Response A. Introduction B. Technique C. The Normal Valsalva Response D. The Abnormal Valsalva Response E. Pathogenesis of the Abnormal Valsalva Response IV. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Elevated Left Heart Filling Pressures B. Detecting Depressed Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction C. Proportional Pulse Pressure D. Physical Signs and Consensus Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure E. Prognosis in Heart Failure References Chapter 49: Coronary Artery Disease I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Introduction B. Description of Chest Pain C. Hand Gestures During Description of Chest Pain D. Physical Findings 1. Earlobe Crease 2. Arcus Senilis 3. Ankle-to-arm Pressure Index E. GI Cocktail III. Clinical Significance A. Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease B. Diagnosing Myocardial Infarction C. Risk Factors and Coronary Disease D. GI Cocktail E. Prognosis and Acute Chest Pain References Part 10: Abdomen Chapter 50: Inspection of the Abdomen Ecchymosis of the Abdominal Wall I. The Findings II. Pathogenesis Sister Mary Joseph Nodule I. The Finding II. Pathogenesis References Chapter 51: Palpation and Percussion of the Abdomen I. Introductory Comments on Technique II. Liver A. Liver Span 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance B. Palpable Liver Edge 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance a. Detection of Hepatomegaly b. Palpable Liver and Other Disorders C. Auscultatory Percussion—Scratch Test 1. the Finding 2. Clinical Significance D. Pulsatile Liver III. The Spleen A. Palpable Spleen 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance a. Detection of Splenomegaly b. Etiology of Splenomegaly c. Palpable Spleen and Other Disorders B. Splenic Percussion Signs 1. The Findings a. Spleen Percussion Sign b. Nixon Method c. Traube Space Dullness 2. Clinical Significance IV. Gallbladder: Courvoisier Sign A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance C. Pathogenesis V. Bladder Volume VI. Ascites a. The Findings B. Pathogenesis C. Clinical Significance VII. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm A. Introduction B. The Finding C. Clinical Significance References Chapter 52: Abdominal Pain and Tenderness Acute Abdominal Pain I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Peritonitis 1. Guarding and Rigidity 2. Rebound Tenderness 3. Percussion Tenderness 4. Cough Test 5. Abdominal Wall Tenderness Test B. Appendicitis 1. Mcburney Point Tenderness 2. Rovsing Sign (Indirect Tenderness) 3. Rectal Tenderness 4. Psoas Sign 5. Obturator Sign C. Cholecystitis and Murphy Sign D. Small Bowel Obstruction III. Clinical Significance A. Peritonitis (See EBM Box 52.1) B. Special Tests for Appendicitis 1. Individual Findings (See EBM Box 52.2) 2. Combination of Findings: The Alvarado Score C. Cholecystitis (See EBM Box 52.3) D. Small Bowel Obstruction (See EBM Box 52.4) E. Diverticulitis F. Renal Colic Chronic Abdominal Pain References Chapter 53: Auscultation of the Abdomen Abdominal Bruits I. The Finding II. Clinical Significance A. Bruits in Healthy Persons B. Bruits in Renovascular Hypertension C. Other Disorders Hepatic Rub Bowel Sounds I. The Finding II. Clinical Significance References Part 11: Extremities Chapter 54: Peripheral Vascular Disease I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Appearance of the Foot B. Pulses C. Bruits D. Ancillary Tests 1. Venous Filling Time 2. Capillary Refill Time 3. Buerger Test III. Clinical Significance A. Diagnosis of Peripheral Vascular Disease B. Distribution of Peripheral Vascular Disease C. Complications of Arterial Puncture D. Detecting Hypoperfusion in Intensive Care Unit References Chapter 55: the Diabetic Foot I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Foot Ulceration B. Diabetic Neuropathy and Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments C. Charcot Joint D. Osteomyelitis III. Clinical Significance A. The Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament B. Osteomyelitis C. Predictors of Nonhealing Wounds References Chapter 56: Edema and Deep Vein Thrombosis Edema I. Introduction II. The Findings III. Clinical Significance A. Pitting Edema B. Lymphedema Deep Vein Thrombosis I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Inspection and Palpation B. Homans Sign C. Pseudothrombophlebitis III. Clinical Significance A. Individual Findings B. Combined Findings C. Diagnosing Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis References Chapter 57: Examination of the Musculoskeletal System The Shoulder I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Impingement Signs B. Yergason Sign C. Speed Test D. Muscle Atrophy E. Muscle Testing F. Dropped Arm Test G. Palpating Rotator Cuff Tears H. Crossed Body Adduction Test (Scarf Test) III. Clinical Significance A. Acromioclavicular Joint Pain B. Rotator Cuff Tendonitis C. Rotator Cuff Tears 1. Individual Findings 2. Combined Findings The Hip I. Introduction II. The Findings III. Clinical Significance The Knee I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Ottawa Rules for Knee Fracture B. Tests of Ligament Injuries 1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament 2. Posterior Cruciate Ligament 3. Collateral Ligaments C. Tests of Meniscal Injuries: the McMurray Test III. Clinical Significance A. Detecting Osteoarthritis B. Detecting Knee Fracture C. Detecting Ligament and Meniscal Injuries 1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury 2. Posterior Cruciate Tear 3. Mensical Injury 4. Collateral Ligaments 5. Variables Affecting Sensitivity of Signs 6. Predicting the Need for Knee Surgery The Ankle I. Introduction II. The Finding A. Ottawa Ankle and Midfoot Rules B. Achilles Tendon Rupture III. Clinical Significance A. Ankle and Midfoot Fractures B. Achilles Tendon Rupture References Part 12: Neurologic Examination Chapter 58: Visual Field Testing I. Introduction II. Definition III. The Anatomy of the Visual Pathways IV. Technique A. Static Technique B. Kinetic Technique V. The Findings A. Anterior or Prechiasmal Defects B. Chiasmal Defects C. Postchiasmal Defects VI. Clinical Significance A. Etiology B. Diagnostic Accuracy C. Differential Diagnosis of Postchiasmal Defects D. Improving Detection of Visual Field Defects References Chapter 59: Nerves of the Eye Muscles (III, IV, and VI): Approach to Diplopia Diplopia I. Introduction II. Definitions III. Technique A. General Approach B. Identifying the Weak Muscle IV. Clinical Significance A. Monocular Diplopia B. Binocular Diplopia 1. Etiology 2. Weak Muscles and Their Clinical Significance a. Weak Superior Rectus Muscle b. Weak Inferior Rectus Muscle (1). Thyroid Myopathy (2). Orbital Fracture c. Weak Medial Rectus (1). Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (2). Myasthenia Gravis d. Weak Lateral Rectus e. Weak Superior Oblique f. Weak Inferior Oblique 3. Skew Deviation C. Ice Pack Test for Myasthenia Gravis Disorders of Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI I. Introduction II. Rules for Diagnosing Ischemic Infarcts III. Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance 1. Pupil-sparing Rule 2. Clinical Syndromes a. Ipsilateral Brainstem Injury b. Injury to the Nerve in the Subarachnoid Space c. Ipsilateral Cavernous Sinus or Orbit Injury d. Ischemic Infarcts IV. Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) A. The Finding 1. Isolated IV Palsy 2. Combined III and IV Palsy B. Clinical Significance 1. Head Position 2. Clinical Syndromes a. Contralateral Midbrain Injury b. Ipsilateral Cavernous Sinus or Orbit Injury c. Ischemic Infarcts V. Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) A. The Finding B. Clinical Significance References Chapter 60: Miscellaneous Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerve (I) I. Technique II. Clinical Significance A. Anosmia B. Olfactory Dysfunction Trigeminal Nerve (V) I. Introduction II. The Finding A. Motor Weakness B. Sensory Loss C. Corneal Reflex III. Clinical Significance A. Motor Weakness B. Sensory Loss 1. Sensory Loss of Face and Body 2. Sensory Loss Isolated to the Face C. Abnormal Corneal Reflex D. Herpes Zoster Infection and the Nasociliary Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve (“Hutchinson Sign”) Facial Nerve (VII) I. The Finding II. Clinical Significance A. Central Versus Peripheral Facial Weakness B. Peripheral Nerve Lesions 1. Etiology 2. Associated Findings 3. Topographic Diagnosis 4. Complications of Bell Palsy Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) Nerves I. Finding II. Clinical Significance A. Bilateral Cerebral Hemispheric Lesions: Pseudobulbar Palsy B. Bedside Predictors of Risk of Aspiration After Stroke C. Lesions of Ipsilateral Brainstem or Peripheral Nerve Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) I. Finding II. Clinical Significance A. Cerebral Hemisphere B. Brainstem or High Cervical Spinal Cord C. Peripheral Nerve Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) I. Finding II. Clinical Significance A. Cerebral Hemisphere B. Brainstem C. Peripheral Nerve References Chapter 61: Examination of the Motor System: Approach to Weakness The Motor Examination I. Muscle Strength A. Definitions B. The Findings 1. Technique 2. Grading Muscle Strength 3. Special Tests for Unilateral Cerebral Lesions C. Clinical Significance II. Atrophy and Hypertrophy A. Atrophy 1. Definition 2. Technique 3. Clinical Significance B. Hypertrophy III. Fasciculations A. Definition B. Clinical Significance IV. Muscle Tone A. Increased Muscle Tone 1. Spasticity a. Definition b. Characteristic Postures c. Clasp-knife Phenomenon d. Relationship of Spasticity to Weakness 2. Rigidity a. Definition b. Distinguishing Spasticity From Rigidity c. Clinical Significance 3. Paratonia a. Definition b. Technique c. Clinical Significance B. Decreased Muscle Tone: Hypotonia (Flaccidity) 1. Definition 2. Technique 3. Clinical Significance 4. Pathogenesis V. Muscle Percussion A. Percussion Myotonia 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance B. Myoedema 1. The Finding 2. Clinical Significance Approach to Weakness I. Cause of Weakness II. The Findings A. Upper Versus Lower Motor Neuron Lesions 1. Associated Findings in the Weak Limb (See Table 61.2) 2. Localizing Signs of Upper Motor Neuron Weakness 3. Babinski Sign 4. Distribution of Weakness a. Limbs Affected b. Movement Versus Muscle B. The Diagnostic Process 1. Upper Motor Neuron Weakness 2. Lower Motor Neuron Weakness 3. Combined Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Weakness a. Myelopathy b. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis III. Clinical Significance A. Clinical Syndromes Are Often Incomplete B. Proximal Weakness Indicates Muscle Disease C. the Special Tests for Cerebral Hemispheric Lesions Are Accurate D. Additional Signs Distinguishing Strokes of the Anterior Versus Posterior Circulation E. Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Disorders References Chapter 62: Examination of the Sensory System Simple Sensations I. Definitions II. Technique A. Touch B. Pain and Temperature C. Vibration III. Clinical Significance A. Touch, Pain, and Temperature Sensation B. Vibratory Sensation C. Hyperpathia and Allodynia Are Nonspecific Findings Proprioception I. Definition II. Technique III. Clinical Significance Cortical Sensations I. Definition II. Technique A. Two-point Discrimination B. Tactile Recognition (Stereognosis) C. Graphesthesia D. Localization E. Bilateral Simultaneous Tactile Stimulation F. Appreciation of Weights III. Clinical Significance Dermatomes I. Definition II. Derivation of the Dermatomal Maps III. Technique IV. Clinical Significance A. the Sensory Level in Spinal Cord Disease B. Dermatomal Loss in Radiculopathy Sensory Syndromes I. Technique A. Does the Sensory Loss Involve Both Sides of the Body B. Is There a Sensory Level C. Is There Sensory Dissociation D. Is There Sensory Loss on the Face E. Are There Associated Neurologic Signs II. Definition of the Sensory Syndromes A. Polyneuropathy B. Spinal Cord Syndromes 1. Complete Spinal Cord Lesion 2. Incomplete Spinal Cord Lesions a. Anterior Cord Syndrome b. Brown-Séquard Syndrome c. Central Cord Syndrome C. Lateral Medullary Infarction D. Thalamic Disease E. Cerebral Hemispheric Disease References Chapter 63: Examination of the Reflexes Reflex Hammers I. Types of Reflex Hammers A. Taylor Hammer B. Queen Square Hammer C. Babinski Hammer (Babinski/Rabiner Hammer) D. Troemner Hammer II. Clinical Significance Muscle Stretch Reflexes I. Definition II. Technique A. Method B. Grading Reflex Amplitude C. Reinforcement: The Jendrassik Maneuver III. Clinical Significance A. Amplitude of Reflex B. Localizing Value of Diminished Reflexes C. Ankle Jerk and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy D. Additional Findings in the Hyperreflexic Patient 1. Finger Flexion Reflexes 2. Jaw Jerk 3. Clonus 4. Irradiation of Reflexes a. Crossed Adductor Reflex b. Inverted Supinator Reflex c. Inverted Knee Jerk Cutaneous Reflexes (Superficial Reflexes) I. Definition II. Superficial Abdominal Reflex (T6 to T11) A. Technique B. Clinical Significance III. Bulbocavernosus Reflex (S2 to S4) A. Technique B. Clinical Significance Babinski Response I. Definition II. Pathogenesis III. Technique A. Eliciting the Response B. Interpreting the Response IV. Clinical Significance A. Associated Conditions B. False-negative Response Primitive Reflexes I. Definition II. Technique A. Palmomental Reflex B. Glabellar Reflex C. Grasp Reflex III. Clinical Significance A. General Comments B. Palmomental Reflex C. Glabellar Reflex D. Grasp Reflex E. Primitive Reflexes and Normal Aging References Chapter 64: Disorders of the Nerve Roots, Plexuses, and Peripheral Nerves I. Introduction II. The Arm A. Introduction B. Neurologic Findings 1. Motor a. Radiculopathy b. Brachial Plexopathy c. Peripheral Nerve Disorders 2. Sensory Findings 3. Reflexes 4. Provocative Tests C. Additional Diagnostic Clues 1. The Clavicle 2. Horner Syndrome (See Chapter 21) D. Clinical Significance 1. Diagnosing Cervical Radiculopathy 2. Localizing Cervical Radiculopathy 3. Plexopathy in Cancer Patients 4. Peripheral Nerve Injury: Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome III. The Leg A. Introduction B. Neurologic Findings 1. Motor a. Radiculopathy b. Lumbosacral Plexopathy c. Peripheral Nerve Disorders 2. Sensory Findings 3. Reflexes 4. Provocative Tests C. Clinical Significance 1. Lumbosacral Radiculopathy 2. Lumbosacral Plexopathy a. Cancer Patients b. Diabetic Amyotrophy References Chapter 65: Coordination and Cerebellar Testing I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Ataxia 1. Finger-nose-finger Test 2. Heel-knee-shin Test B. Nystagmus 1. Definition 2. Patterns of Nystagmus a. Cerebellar Nystagmus b. Nystagmus and Noncerebellar Disorders 3. Effect of Retinal Fixation C. Hypotonia (See Chapter 61) D. Dysarthria III. Clinical Significance A. Individual Findings 1. Ataxia 2. Nystagmus 3. Dysarthria B. Cerebellar Syndromes 1. Cerebellar Hemisphere Syndrome a. Cerebellar Findings b. Associated Findings 2. Anterior Cerebellar Degeneration (Rostral Vermis Syndrome) 3. Pancerebellar Syndrome 4. Cerebellar Infarction References Part 13: Selected Neurologic Disorders Chapter 66: Tremor and Parkinson Disease I. Introduction II. The Finding A. Tremor B. Bradykinesia C. Atypical Features of Parkinson Disease D. Tandem Gait Testing E. Applause Sign (Clapping Test) III. Clinical Significance: Diagnosing Parkinson Disease References Chapter 67: Hemorrhagic Versus Ischemic Stroke I. Introduction II. Findings III. Clinical Significance A. Symptoms B. Individual Physical Findings C. Combined Findings (Siriraj Stroke Score) References Chapter 68: Acute Vertigo and Imbalance I. Introduction II. The Findings A. The Vestibuloocular Reflex B. Head Impulse Test (Fig. 68.2) C. Skew Deviation D. Abnormal Visual Tracking: Saccadic Pursuit E. Direction-changing Nystagmus (Fig. 68.3) III. Clinical Significance A. Individual Findings B. Combined Findings References Chapter 69: Examination of Nonorganic Neurologic Disorders I. Traditional Physical Findings of Nonorganic Disease A. Findings Whose Severity Fluctuates During the Examination B. Findings That Defy Neuroanatomic Explanation C. Bizarre Movements Not Normally Seen in Organic Disease D. Findings Elicited During Special Tests II. Clinical Significance A. Diagnostic Accuracy B. Caveats to the Diagnosis of Nonorganic Disorders References Part 14: Examination in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 70: Examination of Patients in the Intensive Care Unit I. Introduction II. The Findings A. Modified Early Warning Score (Table 70.1) B. Assessment of Peripheral Perfusion in the ICU C. Pulse Pressure Changes with Passive Leg Elevation (Hypovolemia) III. Clinical Significance A. Modified Early Warning Score B. Septic Shock and Cardiogenic Shock C. Pulse Pressure Changes with Passive Leg Elevation (Hypovolemia) D. Assessment of Peripheral Perfusion in the Intensive Care Unit E. Lung Findings F. Neurologic Findings References Appendix: Likelihood Ratios, Confidence intervals, and Pre-test Probability