Eventful Cities. Cultural Management and Urban Revitalisation

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Eventful Cities: Cultural Management and Urban Revitalisation......Page 2
Copyright\r......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 8
List of Tables......Page 10
List of Figures......Page 13
CHAPTER 1\rWhy Cities Need to be Eventful......Page 15
THE DESIRE FOR EVENTFULNESS......Page 16
CITIES AND EVENTS......Page 18
The managed city......Page 22
The postmodern city......Page 23
The entrepreneurial city......Page 25
The creative city......Page 27
The intercultural city......Page 30
WHY EVENTS ARE INCREASINGLYIMPORTANT......Page 32
EVENTS AS EXPERIENCES......Page 35
CELEBRATING TIME AND SPACE......Page 37
THE NEED FOR ANIMATION......Page 39
FESTIVALISATION......Page 41
PLACEMAKING......Page 45
THE GROWTH OF FESTIVALS AND EVENTS......Page 49
CONCLUSION......Page 51
THE NATURE OF EVENTS......Page 52
Defining cultural events......Page 54
CREATING THE EVENTFUL CITY......Page 55
THE SEARCH FOR INSPIRATION......Page 60
Themes......Page 62
Celebrating events......Page 63
Creating rituals......Page 65
EVENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES......Page 66
Organic growth......Page 67
Harnessing the creative ‘life force’ of a city......Page 68
Creating new events......Page 69
Commissioning artworks as events......Page 71
Rejuvenating existing events......Page 73
Footloose recurrent events......Page 75
Enticing existing events from other cities......Page 76
Emulation and copying......Page 77
Franchising existing events......Page 80
Meeting political objectives......Page 81
EVENT SPACES IN THE CITY......Page 82
THE DIALECTIC OF CITIES AND EVENTSPACES......Page 85
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT......Page 88
CONCLUSION......Page 90
CHAPTER 3 Event Vision and Programming......Page 92
CREATING A PROGRAMME VISION......Page 94
Artistic risks......Page 99
DEVELOPING THE CITY EVENT PROGRAMME......Page 101
Programme defined as producing or receiving......Page 104
Programme defined by roles of organisers......Page 106
Programme defined by content and discipline......Page 107
International vs. local orientation......Page 111
Programme defined by quality......Page 116
Programme defined by external vs. internal drivers......Page 117
Programmes defined by themes......Page 121
Programme defined by density of activity......Page 123
Programme defined by space......Page 124
Programme defined by star names......Page 127
Programme defined by political dimension......Page 128
Programme defined by stakeholder dimension......Page 131
PROGRAMMING THE EVENTFUL CITY: MORETHAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS?......Page 132
PROGRAMMING CHALLENGES......Page 135
Managing disappointment......Page 136
FROM CULTURAL POLICY TO CULTURALPROGRAMMING......Page 137
CONCLUSION......Page 139
LEADERSHIP......Page 141
GOVERNANCE......Page 147
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES......Page 155
ANALYSING STAKEHOLDER NETWORKS......Page 159
Stakeholder analysis......Page 160
Network analysis......Page 163
EVENT STAKEHOLDER GROUPS......Page 164
National government......Page 166
Local authorities......Page 168
EVENT ORGANISERS, STAFF ANDPERFORMERS......Page 171
CULTURAL AND COMMUNITYASSOCIATIONS......Page 172
COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS......Page 174
THE MEDIA......Page 176
THE LOCAL COMMUNITY......Page 177
STAKEHOLDER CONFLICTS......Page 180
CONCLUSION......Page 182
CHAPTER 5\rManaging and Organising the Eventful City......Page 183
The Management of Events......Page 184
Vision and Strategy for the EventfulnbspCity......Page 189
Nomination phase......Page 193
Preparation phase......Page 194
Evaluation phase......Page 195
Human Resource Management......Page 196
Managing volunteers......Page 197
Accountability in the Eventful City......Page 202
Inclusive and engaging city......Page 203
Performance and quality management......Page 204
Risk Management in Event Programmes......Page 207
Risk assessment......Page 211
Conclusion......Page 214
CHAPTER 6\rFinance and Funding for Event Programmes......Page 215
THE COST OF CULTURAL EVENTS......Page 216
Trends in ECOC budgets......Page 217
Annual festival programmes......Page 220
PUBLIC FUNDING POLICIES......Page 226
SPONSORSHIP, GRANTS AND DONATIONS......Page 230
Donations......Page 238
Earned income......Page 240
Financial management......Page 245
Structures for financial management......Page 247
Planning tools......Page 249
REVENUE MANAGEMENT AND PRICING......Page 253
CONCLUSION......Page 255
CHAPTER 7\rMarketing,Communications and the Role of the Media......Page 257
WHAT IS THE EVENT PRODUCT?......Page 258
Problems and challenges of event experience\rmarketing......Page 259
MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR EVENTFULNESS......Page 261
Target market strategy......Page 263
Product strategy......Page 265
Competitive strategy......Page 266
USING EVENTS TO MARKET CITIES......Page 268
PRODUCING AND DEVELOPING THE MARKETING STRATEGY......Page 271
BUILDING COLLABORATIVE MARKETING STRATEGIES......Page 273
IMPLEMENTING THE MARKETING STRATEGY......Page 279
BRANDING......Page 282
POSITIONING......Page 289
MARKETING MIX......Page 290
Price......Page 291
Promotion......Page 292
Place (distribution)......Page 294
PACKAGING......Page 296
COMMUNICATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP MARKETING......Page 297
EVENTS AND THE MEDIA......Page 299
MARKETING EXPENDITURE......Page 301
FROM RELATIONSHIP MARKETING TO CONSUMER POWER?......Page 302
CONCLUSION......Page 303
CHAPTER 8\rAudiences and Publics of the Eventful City......Page 305
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT......Page 306
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROGRAMME CONTENT AND AUDIENCES......Page 312
Programmes aimed at specific target groups......Page 315
Opening up new spaces......Page 319
Expanding the event audience via the media......Page 322
HOW CAN AUDIENCES BE MANAGED?......Page 325
THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN EVENT PROGRAMMES......Page 327
The benefits of tourism for the eventful city......Page 328
Atmosphere......Page 329
Political capital......Page 330
WHO ARE THE EVENT TOURISTS?......Page 333
CULTURAL TOURISTS AND EVENTS......Page 336
CONCLUSIONS......Page 345
CHAPTER 9\rEvent ProgrammeOutcomes andImpacts......Page 346
MEASURING IMPACTS AND OUTCOMES......Page 347
Triple bottom line assessment for the eventful city......Page 353
Balanced scorecard......Page 354
Benchmarking......Page 357
ECONOMIC IMPACTS......Page 358
Examples of economic impact studies......Page 360
Problems of measuring economic impact......Page 365
Cultural participation and collaboration......Page 370
Impact on the cultural sector......Page 371
SOCIAL IMPACTS......Page 376
Events as a means of developing sense of place......Page 380
Creating social space......Page 382
URBAN REGENERATION......Page 383
IMAGE IMPACTS......Page 385
THE NEED FOR RIGOROUS MONITORINGAND EVALUATION OF EVENT PROGRAMMES......Page 389
CONCLUSIONS......Page 391
CHAPTER 10 Event Programme Sustainability......Page 393
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY......Page 394
Events as a process......Page 397
Winning through losing......Page 400
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY......Page 402
CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY......Page 406
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY......Page 411
POLITICAL SUSTAINABILITY......Page 414
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY......Page 416
Culture as art or culture as a way of life?......Page 417
The community or communities?......Page 418
CONCLUSIONS......Page 421
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS......Page 423
Culture......Page 425
Place......Page 427
Power......Page 433
Relationships......Page 436
Resources......Page 437
Planning......Page 441
CONCLUSIONS......Page 443
CHAPTER 12 The Future of \rthe Eventful City:Global Trends and New Models of Eventfulness......Page 445
Environmental factors......Page 447
Socio-demographic trends......Page 448
Technological trends......Page 451
Economic trends......Page 453
Cultural trends......Page 457
Governance and administration......Page 461
How does the event programme affect the eventful city?......Page 464
How does the city affect the event programme?......Page 465
How do stakeholders affect the eventful city?......Page 466
How does the eventful city affect its stakeholder network?......Page 467
The event portfolio......Page 468
New visions of events......Page 469
New Contents......Page 472
New situations, new spaces......Page 473
Selling the event, selling the city......Page 476
CONCLUSIONS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVENTFULNESS......Page 477
BUILDING A PLATFORM FOR EVENTFULNESS......Page 482
Eventfulness as a system......Page 489
References......Page 491
Index......Page 519