Evaluation of the Built Environment for Sustainability

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Introduction......Page 19
1 WORKSHOP AIMS AND OBJECTIVES......Page 29
2 OPPOSING TENDENCIES APPARENT AT THE WORKSHOP......Page 30
4 THE FOCUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHODS......Page 31
5 FUTURE BRIDGE BUILDING......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 35
2.1 Problems in defining the concept of ‘built environment quality’......Page 38
2.2 Problems in evaluating ‘built environment quality’......Page 39
3.1 The ‘Cosmonomic Idea of Reality’......Page 42
3.2 The modalities and their laws......Page 43
3.3 An example: the urban district......Page 45
4.2 The main dimensions of the ‘built environment quality’......Page 46
4.3 A suggested multi-modal framework for ‘built environment quality’......Page 47
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
PART ONE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CITY MODELS AND SYSTEMS......Page 52
1.1 The conceptual background......Page 53
1.3 Linear systems theory......Page 54
1.5 Complexity and rationality......Page 55
1.6 Plurality of values......Page 59
1.7 The measurement problem......Page 60
2 EVALUATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC DECISION PROCESS......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 65
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 67
2 OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND......Page 68
3 MODEL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY......Page 69
4 PROPOSED SUSTAINABILITY PARAMETERS......Page 70
5.2 Development of the model......Page 73
6.1 Computer framework......Page 75
6.2 Sectoral models......Page 76
8 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 79
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 81
2.1 The requirements for the EEP model......Page 82
2.3 Key requirements of the EEP model......Page 83
2.4 The component parts of the EEP model......Page 85
3.3 Industrial energy use models......Page 87
3.4 Transport modelling......Page 88
3.5 Road traffic emissions models......Page 90
3.6 Urban accessibility models......Page 91
4 INDICATORS......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 94
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 95
2.1 Environmental assessment information......Page 96
2.2 Practical reasoning......Page 97
3 COMPUTER-BASED DECISION SUPPORT......Page 98
4 CROSSDOC: A GENERAL INFORMATION NETWORK PLATFORM......Page 99
4.1 Representation scheme......Page 100
4.2 System components and their operations......Page 101
5.1 Argumentation structures......Page 102
6 ARGUMENTATION IN PRACTICE......Page 105
7 ARGUMENTS ABOUT ARGUMENTS......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
1 THE THREE FACTORS OF CRISIS OF URBAN SYSTEM......Page 110
2.1 Self-sustainability and the processes of autopoiesis......Page 111
2.2 Ecological sustainability and urban organization......Page 115
2.3 Social sustainability......Page 117
2.4 Economic sustainability......Page 119
3 THE IMPLICATIONS OF URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AS SELF-SUSTAINABILITY: INVESTING IN HUMAN RESOURCES......Page 121
4 THE IMPLICATIONS OF URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AS SELF-SUSTAINABILITY: TOWARDS A THEORY OF URBAN ORGANIZATION......Page 122
5 THE IMPLICATIONS OF URBAN SUSTAIN ABILITY AS SELF-SUSTAINABILITY: A VALUE AND EVALUATION THEORY......Page 123
6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 131
1.1 Building performance......Page 134
1.2 Related urban development issues......Page 135
1.3 Definition of green development......Page 136
2.1 Market demand......Page 137
2.2 Performance standards and demonstrations......Page 138
2.4 The taxation system......Page 139
3 POSSIBLE APPROACHES......Page 140
3.2 Strengthening demand......Page 141
3.5 Financial and regulatory levers......Page 142
3.6 Building performance standards......Page 144
3.7 Open Building Systems......Page 145
4 A POSSIBLE SCENARIO......Page 146
4.2 Characteristics of Green Development Corporations......Page 147
4.3 Characteristics of Green Developments......Page 149
4.4 Implications......Page 150
5 MOVING TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION......Page 151
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 152
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 154
2 THE REORGANISATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG AUTONOMIES......Page 155
3 THE LEVELS OF DECISION......Page 156
4 THE RULES AND THE ACTIONS FOR PROPER LAND MANAGEMENT: THE REGIONAL AND PROVINCIAL LEVELS......Page 158
5 THE LOCAL AUTHORITY PLAN......Page 159
7 THE STRUCTURAL PLAN (P.S.)......Page 160
8 THE TOWN-PLANNING CODE (R.U.)......Page 161
9 THE INTEGRATED INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (P.I.I.)......Page 162
1 INTRODUCTION: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT......Page 164
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES......Page 165
3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION......Page 167
3.1 Implementation......Page 168
4 THE CASE STUDY......Page 170
4.1 Water and air quality......Page 171
4.3 Pollution control......Page 172
4.4 Policy issues......Page 173
4.5 Policy directions: proposals and constraints......Page 174
NOTES AND REFERENCES......Page 177
The prajna approach to sustainable construction......Page 180
2 A TROUBLED PASSAGE ALONG THE ‘GREEN’ BRICK ROAD TO SUSTAINABILITY......Page 181
3 COMING EVENTS CAST THEIR SHADOW BEFORE......Page 182
4 THE PRAJNA MYTH: LOOKING IN AT THE OUTSIDE......Page 185
5 SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED SUPPLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 188
Sustainable architecture in the industrialized economies: environmental and energy-related aspects in teaching architectural technology......Page 192
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 198
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 200
2.2 Problem or opportunity......Page 201
3.1 Inter-disciplinary design......Page 202
3.2 Code of Practice......Page 203
5.1 Carrying capacities......Page 204
6 AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES......Page 207
7.1 Dependency cultures......Page 208
7.2 Feasibility study......Page 209
7.4 Subsidiarity......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
PART TWO EVALUATION IN PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION: PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS......Page 212
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 213
2 ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGN......Page 214
3.1 Assessing single environmental criteria......Page 215
3.2 Assessing multiple environmental criteria......Page 216
3.3 Building environmental assessment methods......Page 217
3.4 Scales of performance......Page 219
3.4.2 Upper limits......Page 220
3.4.3 Distribution of points......Page 223
4.1 Weighting criteria......Page 224
5 LINKS BETWEEN DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA......Page 226
6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 228
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 230
2 DECISION MAKING FOR SUSTAINABILITY......Page 231
4 THE ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION......Page 232
6 OBSTACLES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION......Page 234
7 ISSUES OF EXTERNALITIES......Page 235
9 METHODS FOR INTERNALIZING EXTERNALITIES......Page 237
10 MATERIALS SELECTION......Page 238
12 CONCLUSIONS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
Environmental impact evaluation of buildings and cities for sustainability......Page 241
2 THE BREEAM SCHEME......Page 242
3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHEME......Page 243
4 TECHNICAL CONTENTS OF BREEAM......Page 245
4.1.1 Carbon dioxide production due to energy consumption......Page 246
4.1.4 Longevity......Page 248
4.2.3 Derelict/contaminated land......Page 249
4.3.2 Lighting......Page 250
4.3.3 Thermal comfort and overheating......Page 251
6.2 Improving marketability......Page 252
7 CITIES BREEAM......Page 253
8 CONCLUSION......Page 254
2 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA FOR BUILDING......Page 255
3.2 Site history......Page 258
3.4 Waste stream generated......Page 259
3.5 Summary......Page 260
4.3 Demolition......Page 261
4.4 Waste stream generated......Page 262
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 265
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 267
2 TIME HORIZONS, THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND RATE OF REDEVELOPMENT......Page 271
3 LAND USE, BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE AND DEPRECIATION......Page 278
4 THE DEBATE......Page 282
5 THE CONTRADICTIONS......Page 287
6 TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS......Page 289
7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 292
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 293
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 296
2.1 Superstructure......Page 297
2.2 Infrastructure......Page 298
2.4 Tourism flows......Page 299
3 TYPOLOGY OF DESTINATIONS......Page 300
4.2 International data......Page 301
4.6 Unit level data......Page 302
5.1 Impact categories......Page 303
5.4 Environment impacts......Page 304
6.1 Measurement......Page 305
6.2 Carrying capacity......Page 306
7 CONCLUSION......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 309
2 CONSERVATION AND THE MARKET......Page 310
3.1 Listing and designation......Page 312
3.2 Areal differences......Page 314
4.1 Methods of evaluation......Page 315
4.2.1 Introduction......Page 317
4.2.2 Applications......Page 318
4.3.2 Applications......Page 319
4.4.1 Introduction......Page 320
4.5 Conclusions......Page 321
5 THE DYNAMICS OF CONSERVATION: CONSERVATION AND REGENERATION......Page 322
6 A THEORY OF REGENERATION......Page 323
7 A RESEARCH AGENDA......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
Environmental regeneration as a motor for development: the evaluation problem......Page 329
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 330
2 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 333
Managing development at cultural heritage sites: conservation practice and sustainability......Page 334
1.2 Listed Buildings......Page 335
1.6 Other forms of cultural heritage......Page 336
2 GROWTH OF SENSITIVITY TOWARDS CULTURAL HERITAGE IN POST-WAR SOCIETY......Page 337
3.1 Conservation and sustainable development......Page 339
3.2 Re-use as an instrument of sustainable resource management......Page 340
3.3 Listed Buildings......Page 341
3.4 Conservation Areas......Page 342
3.5 Re-use and regeneration......Page 343
3.6 Architectural conservation and the building crafts......Page 344
4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 348
2 CONTEXT......Page 350
3 NEW INSTITUTIONAL ARENAS......Page 351
4 THE PLAN-MAKING EXERCISE......Page 353
5 THE NEW STRUCTURE PLAN......Page 354
5.1 Environmental concerns......Page 355
5.2 Economic objectives......Page 357
5.3......Page 358
6 CONCLUSION......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 361
Evaluation and planning process: methodological dimension......Page 363
1 ASSESSMENT OF PLANNING PROCESS......Page 364
2 METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 365
3.1 Procedural features......Page 368
3.2 Epistemological aspects......Page 372
3.3 Substantive, spatial and temporal relationships......Page 374
4 PROCESS EVALUATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT......Page 376
5 IMPROVING THE PLANNING PROCESS......Page 378
REFERENCES......Page 379
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 381
2.1 Incremental ism and assessment......Page 382
2.2 On what conditions can a plan be assessed?......Page 383
2.3 Assessment and argument......Page 384
2.4.1 Defining the actions for assessment......Page 385
2.4.3 Analysis of the effects in relation to the assessment criteria......Page 386
3 THE EIA OF THE AOSTA LAND USE PLAN......Page 387
3.1 Land consumption......Page 388
3.3 Assessment of proposals for the five Transformation Areas......Page 389
3.4 Multicriteria analysis of the intervention priorities for the Unitary Project Areas......Page 395
4 CONCLUSION: ASSESSMENT AS ARGUMENTATION......Page 396
APPENDIX. CONCORDANCE AND DISCORDANCE INDICES......Page 398
REFERENCES......Page 399
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 401
3 POLICY CONTEXT......Page 402
4 THE COMPACT CITY PROPOSAL......Page 404
5.1 Decision support systems......Page 405
5.2 Policy experiments......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 407
PART THREE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS......Page 409
Evaluation methods for the built environment: three open questions......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 417
1 INTRODUCTION TO VALUATION TECHNIQUES......Page 419
2 THE VALUE OF A HAZARD FREE ENVIRONMENT......Page 420
3 THE INTERCITY HEDONIC MODEL......Page 421
4 THE EMPIRICAL MODEL......Page 422
5 EMPIRICAL FINDINGS......Page 426
6 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 432
REFERENCES......Page 433
1 THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD......Page 436
2 CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS......Page 438
3 STRATIFICATION OF DIRECT USERS......Page 440
4 USER PURPOSES AND VALUES......Page 445
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 448
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 450
3 THE NON-PRICED ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS......Page 452
4 THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD......Page 453
5 NEWCASTLE’S GRAINGER TOWN......Page 454
6 DESIGN OF THE EMPIRICAL STUDY......Page 456
7 RESULTS......Page 457
8 AGGREGATION......Page 460
9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 461
REFERENCES......Page 462
1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES......Page 463
2 POTENTIALITY AND LIMITS OF CONTINGENT VALUATION......Page 465
3 THE ITALIAN SITUATION: A CASE STUDY......Page 467
4 THE CASTLE OF RIVOLI: UTILITY VALUE AND OPTION VALUE......Page 468
REFERENCES......Page 471
Methodology and application of sustainable environment concepts for the built environment......Page 473
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 474
2. CONSERVATION PLANNING AS A RESEARCH TASK......Page 475
3 MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF CBH ALTERNATIVES......Page 478
4 A CASE STUDY ON BASSANO DEL GRAPPA (VENETO, ITALY)......Page 480
5 DIFFERENT CBH STRATEGIES FOR BASSANO......Page 483
6.1 Current plan......Page 484
6.3 Adjustment plan......Page 485
7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 489
Integrated conservation of cultural built heritage......Page 490
1 OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED BY CULTURAL BUILT HERITAGE CONSERVATION: INTRODUCTION......Page 491
2.1 The Convention and Charter of the Council of Europe......Page 492
2.2 European Community action to protect the European architectural and cultural heritage......Page 495
2.3 Epilogue......Page 496
3 INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS IN INTEGRATED CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE......Page 497
4 STRATEGIES FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENTS IN THE CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE......Page 501
5 RULES AND POLICIES OF URBAN PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE OF OUR CULTURAL BUILT HERITAGE......Page 504
6 ROLE OF EVALUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATED CONSERVATION......Page 506
7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 509
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 510
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 512
2 MULTI-CRITERIA (MCA) AND MULTI-ATTRIBUTE (MAA) ANALYSIS METHODS......Page 514
3 THE THEORY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF VALUE AND UTILITY......Page 515
4 MULTI-ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS IN THE SELECTION OF LAND TO BE ALLOCATED FOR RESIDENTIAL EXPANSION......Page 517
4.1 Technical analysis......Page 518
4.2.1 The scenarios considered......Page 521
4.2.2 Results......Page 523
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 524
REFERENCES......Page 525
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 539
2 PLANNING PROCESS......Page 540
3 EVALUATION TECHNIQUES......Page 541
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE CASE STUDIES......Page 543
5 THE LOCATION OF A WASTE DUMP......Page 545
6 THE LOCATION OF A DUMP FOR MATERIALS DERIVING FROM A TUNNEL EXCAVATION......Page 547
7 AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A DAM......Page 549
8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 552
REFERENCES......Page 553
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 556
2 THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 557
3 ACOUSTIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 558
4 DAYLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 561
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 563
Traffic air pollution monitoring management and control for sustainability......Page 564
1 BACKGROUND......Page 565
1.1 The Instrumented City facility......Page 566
1.3 Integration of Traffic and Environmental Monitoring and Management Systems (ITEMMS)......Page 567
1.5 Monitoring traffic and pollution in Nottingham......Page 568
2.1 Roadside pollutant concentration in Leicester......Page 569
2.2 Users of air pollutant concentration data......Page 571
3 BACKGROUND POLLUTION MONITORING......Page 572
3.1.1 Congestion categories......Page 573
3.1.2 Pollutant levels against flow and delay......Page 575
3.2 Background pollution in Nottingham......Page 576
4 NEW AREAS OF RESEARCH......Page 577
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 581
REFERENCES......Page 582
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 583
2.1 Redevelopment......Page 584
3.1 Decibels......Page 585
4.1 Annoyance caused by railway noise......Page 586
5.1 DLR noise specification......Page 589
5.3 Low frequency noise......Page 590
6 THE NOISE AND SOCIAL SURVEYS......Page 591
7.2 Attitudes to the DLR......Page 592
8 COMPARISON BETWEEN NOISE LEVEL AND ANNOYANCE......Page 593
9 MITIGATION OF THE NOISE......Page 594
10 CONCLUSIONS......Page 595
REFERENCES......Page 596
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 597
3 ESTIMATE MODELS......Page 599
4 IDENTIFICATION......Page 601
5 MEASURING THE UNCERTAINTY......Page 603
REFERENCES......Page 604
Index......Page 606