European socialists respond to fascism: ideology, activism, and contingency in the 1930s

Contents......Page 8
List of Abbreviations......Page 12
ONE: Introduction......Page 16
Social Gains in Interwar Europe......Page 17
The Tilt Toward Dictatorships......Page 18
Unemployment in Comparative Perspective......Page 19
The Impact of the German Tragedy......Page 20
Years of Social and Political Crisis......Page 22
The Contemporary Relevance of the European Left......Page 23
Moments of Opportunity......Page 24
The Comparative Dimension......Page 25
Overview of This Book......Page 27
TWO: The Itineraries of the LSI and the Comintern......Page 30
The Spanish Crucible......Page 31
Austro-Marxist (In)Action......Page 33
Discontent Within the SPD......Page 36
France and Belgium......Page 38
United and Popular Fronts in the Practice of the Comintern......Page 39
The PCF in October 1934......Page 41
The Language of the PCF......Page 43
Spanish Communism in Transition......Page 45
Conclusion......Page 48
THREE: An International United Front?......Page 50
Pro-Unity Sentiments Within the LSI in Early 1933......Page 53
The Paris Conference......Page 54
The Stalemate Within the LSI......Page 55
The LSI-Left......Page 56
Otto Bauer and the Comintern......Page 58
The Abyssinian Crisis......Page 59
Personal Crusades......Page 61
Conclusion......Page 63
FOUR: The Era of United Fronts......Page 66
The Peculiarities of Catalonia......Page 68
The Catalan United Front......Page 70
The Absence of a National Structure......Page 71
The Asturian Commune......Page 73
Moves Toward Unity in the Austrian Underground......Page 75
United Fronts in Germany......Page 77
United Fronts in Belgium, France and Italy......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 81
FIVE: The Promise of the Plan......Page 87
Hendrik de Man......Page 88
The Socialist Idea......Page 90
The End of the Reformist Era?......Page 91
The Plan de Man......Page 93
Popularizing the Plan......Page 95
Echoes of the Plan de Man: Germany, Austria and Spain......Page 97
"Planomania" in France......Page 99
The Sudden Fall of the Plan de Man......Page 101
Conclusion......Page 104
SIX: The Nature of a Popular Front......Page 109
French Socialists Debate the Popular Front......Page 111
The Waning of the French Radical Party......Page 114
The Genesis of the Spanish Popular Front......Page 116
The Electoral Manifesto......Page 118
El Acoplamiento......Page 120
Electoral Victories in Spain and France......Page 123
Contradictions Within the Victorious Popular Fronts......Page 124
The Two Dynamics of Popular Fronts......Page 127
Conclusion......Page 128
SEVEN: Transnational Consciousness Within the European Left......Page 130
The German Tragedy in European Perspective......Page 132
The Schutzbund Uprising......Page 135
The Radiance of Asturias......Page 140
The Victories of Popular Fronts......Page 144
Conclusion......Page 147
EIGHT: Piston-Box and Steam......Page 150
Unity in the Provinces: France, 1933......Page 151
Unity in the Provinces: France, 1934......Page 153
Grassroots Unity in the Saar......Page 155
Mechanisms of Unity in Spain......Page 156
Sources of PSOE Radicalization and Paralysis......Page 158
The Meanings of the Frente Popular......Page 160
The Meanings of the Rassemblement Populaire......Page 162
Conclusion......Page 166
NINE: Contingency in the Historical Process......Page 169
Social Movements and the Historical Process......Page 170
The Origins of Interwar Dictatorships......Page 171
The Relevance of Contingency......Page 173
Patterns of Discontinuities......Page 174
Constraints on Contingency......Page 175
The Conjunctural Importance of Contingency......Page 176
Social Movements and Contingency......Page 178
Notes......Page 180
B......Page 220
L......Page 221
P......Page 222
V......Page 223
Z......Page 224