European Integration and Housing Policy (Routledge Rics Issues in Real Estate and Housing)

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
FIGURES......Page 8
TABLES......Page 9
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11
Introduction: the context of European integration......Page 13
Housing research in Europe......Page 16
Comparative housing research......Page 17
European integration and housing research......Page 19
The structure of this book......Page 22
References......Page 24
Part I MARKETS......Page 28
2 ARE HOUSING FINANCE SYSTEMS CONVERGING WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION?......Page 29
Tenure patterns......Page 30
Sources of housing finance for owner-occupation......Page 32
The legal framework for arrears and foreclosures......Page 36
Financing social housing......Page 38
Conclusions......Page 39
References......Page 40
Housing investment......Page 42
Dwellings constructed per 1,000 inhabitants......Page 43
Relationships between housing investment indicators......Page 44
Explaining differences in housing investment between countries......Page 45
Theories of housing investment......Page 47
Hypothesis for statistical testing......Page 51
Housing investment and total investment......Page 52
Housing investment and the growth of Gross Domestic Product......Page 55
Housing investment and demographic factors......Page 57
Housing investment and the size of the housing stock......Page 59
A ‘need’ model of housing investment......Page 61
A ‘need and growth’ model of housing investment......Page 63
Conclusions......Page 65
Summary of notation......Page 66
References......Page 67
A decade of boom, crisis and weak recovery......Page 69
Political change, new market boundaries and old methodologies......Page 70
Economic integration......Page 72
The rising cost of bousing......Page 73
Access......Page 74
Consequences for housing supply......Page 75
The end of the owner-occupied dream......Page 78
Owner-occupied dwellings converted to rental......Page 80
Social shyness......Page 81
Conclusion: a new focus for housing policy?......Page 83
References......Page 84
5 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY......Page 87
Directives......Page 88
European standards......Page 90
Harmonisation of declarations of quality and product liability......Page 91
Harmonisation of tendering practices......Page 92
Barriers for competition in the building industry......Page 94
Belgium......Page 95
Germany......Page 97
Great Britain......Page 98
Conclusions......Page 100
References......Page 102
Part II POLICIES......Page 104
The economics of fiscal restraint......Page 105
Convergence......Page 108
Excessive deficits......Page 109
Multilateral surveillance......Page 110
General government gross debt......Page 111
Housing and public sector deficits......Page 114
Conclusions......Page 119
References......Page 120
The scope of European Union involvement in planning......Page 122
Emerging trends in European Union planning policy......Page 124
European Union planning initiatives and housing supply......Page 125
The single European market, housing supply and land use planning......Page 126
Convergence or harmonisation?......Page 128
Conclusions......Page 130
References......Page 131
8 THE CONTROL AND PROMOTION OF QUALITY IN NEW HOUSING DESIGN......Page 134
The international (transatlantic) ideological shift towards deregulation......Page 135
The impact of harmonisation......Page 137
The ‘new approach’ to technical standards......Page 138
Fiscal policy and the requirements of economic and monetary union......Page 140
The information approach to regulation of housing design......Page 141
Energy, natural resources and the environment......Page 143
The impact of the Independent Living Movement......Page 145
Diversity of national regulations......Page 147
Bedroom sizes......Page 148
Cultural differences......Page 149
Harmonisation of housing standards?......Page 150
Deregulation—four experiences......Page 152
Deregulation and re-regulation in Norway......Page 153
Deregulation (and potential re-regulation) of the social rented sector in England......Page 155
Deregulation in the Netherlands......Page 157
Deregulation in Sweden......Page 158
Deregulation—diversity of experiences......Page 159
Conclusions......Page 160
Notes......Page 161
References......Page 162
Part III OUTCOMES......Page 164
9 HOUSING, TENURE AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION......Page 165
An ideal measure: comprehensive income......Page 166
Mortgages......Page 167
‘Before’ and, ‘After Housing Costs’ measures......Page 168
Owner-occupiers......Page 170
Tenants......Page 172
Effects of tenure patterns......Page 173
Effects of tax and subsidy systems......Page 174
Examples for France and the United Kingdom......Page 178
Distribution before adjustment......Page 179
Allowing for housing income......Page 180
Conclusions......Page 182
Notes......Page 184
References......Page 185
10 PAYING FOR OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING......Page 187
Fees at the point of purchase......Page 188
Fiscal treatment during occupancy......Page 189
Non-fiscal financial instruments......Page 190
Housing expenditure versus cost......Page 191
Expenditure......Page 192
Costs......Page 193
Calculations......Page 194
Results......Page 196
Conclusion......Page 202
Implications for European integration......Page 203
References......Page 204
Homelessness and social exclusion......Page 206
Definition and forms of homelessness in the EU......Page 207
The extent of homelessness in the EU......Page 209
Changing housing markets......Page 212
Family fragmentation and individualisation of society......Page 213
De-institutionalisation......Page 214
Family situation......Page 216
Gender......Page 217
Health......Page 218
Rights to housing in the EU......Page 219
Services for homeless people in the EU......Page 221
References......Page 222
12 MARGINAL HOUSING ESTATES IN EUROPE......Page 224
The problem of mass housing......Page 225
Landlords and management......Page 227
Polarisation and race......Page 229
International survey of mass housing estates......Page 231
Findings from twenty European estates......Page 233
Breakdown......Page 236
Government role in stabilisation......Page 238
Localisation......Page 239
Examples of change......Page 241
Patchwork model......Page 242
Social control and the friction principle......Page 244
Welfare and work......Page 245
Conclusions......Page 246
Note......Page 247
References......Page 248
Introduction: the bifurcation of housing policy1......Page 251
The convergence debate......Page 252
The collapse of housing policy......Page 257
Housing policy as welfare division......Page 259
Underlying causes......Page 260
References......Page 264
Part IV DIVERSITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 266
14 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES......Page 267
Economic and social change......Page 268
Homelessness......Page 269
Income distribution......Page 270
The future......Page 271
Housing production......Page 272
Finland......Page 273
Sweden......Page 274
Iceland......Page 275
Financial market liberalisation......Page 276
Rent deregulation......Page 277
Costs of housing subsidies......Page 279
Notes......Page 280
References......Page 281
Classifying the countries of the Central and Eastern European region......Page 283
The East European model of housing policy......Page 285
Evaluation of the political and economic situation in the East European countries......Page 287
The new tenure structure and basic quantitative/qualitative indices......Page 290
Affordability issues: ‘rent to income’ and, ‘housing cost to income’ ratios......Page 292
Changes in housing output......Page 294
The housing situation of East-Central European countries in a comparative view......Page 297
Some critical housing issues in the unified Europe......Page 300
Housing and the international and inter-regional migration of the population......Page 301
Public expenditures and housing policy......Page 302
Summary: housing aspects of the eastward extension of the EU......Page 303
East European countries: why join the EU?......Page 304
Which countries should join the EU first?......Page 305
Notes......Page 306
References......Page 307
INDEX......Page 308