European Glacial Landscapes: Maximum Extent of Glaciations

Cover
European Glacial Landscapes
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Part I Introduction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The advance in knowledge of the glacial landscapes
		1.2 Objectives of the book
		1.3 The glaciated European regions
		1.4 The climatic context during the sculpting of the European glacial landscapes
		1.5 The age and characteristics of European glacial landscapes
		1.6 Standardised ages and maps used in the book
		References
	2 The Quaternary ice ages
		2.1 The discovery of the Quaternary ice ages
		2.2 The antecedents of the Quaternary ice ages
		2.3 Causes and characteristics of the Quaternary ice ages
		References
	3 Previous synthesis of European Glacial Landscapes
		References
PART II The distribution of glacial landscapes in Europe
	Section 1 European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
		4 The European Ice Sheet Complex
			References
		5 Glacial landscapes of Fennoscandia
			5.1 Introduction
			5.2 Scandinavian Mountains
			5.3 Fennoscandian Shield
			5.4 Baltic Sea
			5.5 Denmark and Skåne
			5.6 Glacial research in Fennoscandia
			References
		6 Glacial landscapes of Northern Central Europe
			References
		7 Glacial landscapes of European Russia
			References
		8 The Eurasian Arctic
			8.1 Introduction
			8.2 Barents Sea
			8.3 High Arctic islands and archipelagos
			8.4 Kara Sea and Arctic Russia
			8.5 Glacial knowledge of the Eurasian Arctic
			References
		9 The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian continental margin
			9.1 The North Sea
			9.2 The Mid-Norwegian continental margin
			References
		10 Glacial landscapes of Britain and Ireland
			10.1 Introduction
			10.2 Ireland
			10.3 Wales
			10.4 England
			10.5 Scotland
			References
	Section 2 European regions that not were covered by the EISC
		11 Glacial landscapes of the Ural Mountains
			11.1 Brief description of the mountain range’s geology and geomorphology
			11.2 Climate
			11.3 Today’s glaciers
			11.4 Ice Age glaciations
			11.5 Summary
			References
		12 Glacial landscapes of Iceland
			References
		13 Glacial landscapes of the Tatra Mountains
			References
		14 Glacial landscapes of the Romanian Carpathians
			14.1 Introduction
			14.2 The Eastern Carpathians
			14.3 The Southern Carpathians
			14.4 The Apuseni Mountains
			14.5 Progress in the knowledge of the glacial landscapes
			References
		15 Glacial landscapes of the Alps
			References
		16 Glacial landscape of the Pyrenees
			References
		17 The Iberian Peninsula (except for the Pyrenees)
			17.1 Introduction
			17.2 The Cantabrian Mountains
			17.3 The NW ranges
			17.4 Central Range
			17.5 Iberian Range
			17.6 Sierra Nevada
			17.7 Progress in the knowledge of the glacial landscapes
			References
		18 The Italian Peninsula
			18.1 Introduction
			18.2 The Northern Apennines
			18.3 Central Apennines
			18.4 Southern Apennines
			18.5 Progress in the knowledge of the glacial landscapes
			References
		19 Glacial landscapes of the Balkans
			19.1 Introduction
			19.2 Greece
			19.3 Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo
			19.4 Dinaric Alps, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia
			19.5 Bulgaria
			References
		20 The Anatolian Peninsula
			References
			Further reading
PART III Climate changes during the Last Glacial Cycle in the eastern North Atlantic region
	SECTION 1 The Last Glacial Cycle
		21 An overview of the Last Glacial Cycle
			References
		22 Ice volume and sea-level changes during Last Glacial Cycle: evidence from marine records
			References
		23 Definition of the Last Glacial Cycle marine stages and chronology
			References
		24 Abrupt climatic variability: Dansgaard–Oeschger events
			References
		25 Abrupt (or millennial or suborbital) climatic variability: Heinrich events/stadials
			References
		26 The Global Last Glacial Maximum: the Eastern North Atlantic (marine sediments) and the Greenland Ice Sheet climatic signal
			References
Part IV European glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (Before 29 ka)
	27 Concept and global context of the glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
		27.1 Pleistocene glacial cycles
		27.2 Pre-LGM glaciations in Europe
		27.3 The importance of the pre-LGM glaciations on the landscapes of Europe
		References
	Section 1 European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
		28 The EISC evolution prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			28.1 Overview of EISC evolution
			28.2 Implications for ice sheet–climate system interactions
			28.3 Landscapes of the EISC prior to the LGM
			28.4 Outlook
			References
		29 Fennoscandia: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			29.1 Introduction
			29.2 Denmark and Skåne
			29.3 Fennoscandian Shield
			29.4 Scandinavian Mountain range
			References
		Chapter-30---Northern-Central-Europe--glacial-landform_2022_European-Glacial
			30 Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
				References
		31 European Russia: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			31.1 European Russia glacial landforms from MIS 16
			31.2 European Russia glacial landforms from Penultimate Glacial Cycle (Saalian, MIS 8–6)
			31.3 European Russia glacial landforms from MIS 5, 4, and 3
			References
		32 The Eurasian Arctic: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (before 29ka)
			32.1 Introduction
			32.2 Barents Sea
			32.3 High Arctic islands and archipelagos
			32.4 Kara Sea and Arctic Russia
			References
		33 The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian Continental Margin: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		34 Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			34.1 Middle Pleistocene glaciations
				34.1.1 Pre-Anglian Stage glaciation
				34.1.2 Anglian Stage glaciation
				34.1.3 Wolstonian Stage glaciation
			34.2 Late Pleistocene pre-Last Glacial Maximum glaciations
			34.3 Summary
			References
	Section 2 European regions that not were covered by the EISC
		35 The Ural Mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			35.1 Introduction
			35.2 Style of glaciation
			35.3 Middle Pleistocene glaciations
			35.4 Pre-LGM glacial advances during the Last Glacial Cycle
				35.4.1 Ice-sheet advances
				35.4.2 Mountain glaciers
			35.5 MIS 4 was a cold period with a major drop in the glacier equilibrium line altitudes
			35.6 Ice-free interval during MIS 3
			35.7 Possible regrowth of glaciers during a late stage of MIS 3
			35.8 Summary
			References
		36 Iceland: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		37 The Tatra Mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		38 The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			38.1 Introduction
			38.2 Eastern Carpathians
			38.3 Southern Carpathians
			References
		39 The Alps: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			39.1 Introduction
			39.2 Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations
			39.3 Late Pleistocene (Last Glacial Cycle) glaciations
			References
		40 The Pyrenees: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			40.1 The most extensive glaciation of the Late Pleistocene occurred before the LGM
				40.1.1 Evidence from northern massifs
				40.1.2 Evidence from southern massifs
			40.2 Preliminary indications of major glacier fluctuations during MIS 3
			40.3 Middle Pleistocene glaciation: still poorly documented
			References
		41 The Iberian Mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			41.1 Introduction
			41.2 Cantabrian Mountains
			41.3 NW ranges
			41.4 Central Range
			41.5 Iberian Range
			41.6 Betic Range
			References
		42 The Italian mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			42.1 Introduction
			42.2 Northern Apennines
			42.3 Central Apennines
			Acknowledgments
			References
		43 The Balkans: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			43.1 Middle Pleistocene glaciations
				43.1.1 Skamnellian Stage glaciation
				43.1.2 Vlasian Stage glaciation
			43.2 Late Pleistocene, pre-LGM glaciation
			References
		44 The Anatolian mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			44.1 Introduction
			44.2 Eastern Black Sea Mountains
			44.3 Western Taurus Mountains
			44.4 Northwestern Anatolia
			References
	Section 3 Synthesis of Part III
		45 The European glacial landscapes prior to the Last Glacial Maximum - synthesis
			45.1 Glacial landforms of the European Ice Sheet Complex prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
			45.2 Glacial landforms beyond the EISC: on Iceland and in the mountains of Central and Southern Europe
			45.3 Major similarities/differences between regions and their causes
			45.4 The pre-LGC European landscapes in a global context
			45.5 Pending research
			References
Part V The European glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum (29
19 ka)
	46 Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
		46.1 The Last Glacial Maximum
		46.2 Defining the LGM
		46.3 The geomorphological legacy of the LGM
		References
	Section 1 European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
		47 European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the Last Glacial Maximum (29–19ka)
			47.1 EISC evolution during the Last Glacial Maximum (29–19ka)
			47.2 LGM landscapes and landforms of the EISC
			47.3 Cold-based ice landscapes of the LGM EISC
			47.4 Outlook
			References
		48 Fennoscandia: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			48.1 Introduction
			48.2 Denmark and Skåne
			48.3 Fennoscandian Shield
			48.4 Ice sheet thickness: the Baltic Sea and the Scandinavian Mountains
			References
		49 Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		50 European Russia: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		51 The Eurasian Arctic: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			51.1 Introduction
			51.2 Barents Sea
			51.3 High Arctic islands and archipelagos
			51.4 Kara Sea and Arctic Russia
			References
		52 The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian continental margin: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		53 Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			53.1 The evolving limits of the Last Glacial Maximum in Britain and Ireland
			53.2 Lateral limits
			53.3 Vertical limits
			53.4 Timing of advance and maximum extension of the BIIS in the Late Devensian (MIS 2) and the geomorphological legacy
			References
	Section 2 European regions that were not covered by the EISC
		54 The Ural Mountains: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			54.1 Introduction and background
			54.2 LGM moraines in the forefield of the Chernov Glacier
			54.3 Moraines in forefield of Moscow University Glacier
			54.4 Moraine ridge in the Hynotayakha Valley SW of Bol. Shchuchye
			54.5 Lake sediments in Bol. Shchuchye
			54.6 Enigmatic moraine ridge on the northern tip of the Polar Urals
			54.7 The emergence of mountain glaciers and their size and distribution during the LGM
			54.8 Summary
			References
		55 Iceland: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			55.1 Introduction
			55.2 Last Glacial Maximum limits on the southern Iceland shelf
			55.3 Last Glacial Maximum limits around the West Fjords Peninsula
			55.4 Geomorphological signatures of Last Glacial Maximum ice flow
			55.5 Modelling perspectives of the Iceland Ice Sheet during Last Glacial Maximum
			55.6 Problems and potentials of the Iceland Ice Sheet during Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		56 The Tatra Mountains: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		57 The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum (29–19ka)
			57.1 Introduction
			57.2 Eastern Carpathians
			57.3 Southern Carpathians
			57.4 Apuseni Mountains
			References
		58 The Alps: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			References
		59 The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			59.1 Introduction
			59.2 Precise constraints on LGM glacier positions in the eastern half of the range
			59.3 Imprecise constraints on LGM glacier positions in the western half of the range
			59.4 A precipitation gradient between the Atlantic and Mediterranean during the LGM?
			References
		60 The Iberian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			60.1 Introduction
			60.2 Cantabrian Mountains
			60.3 NW ranges
			60.4 Iberian Range
			60.5 Central Range
			60.6 Betic Range
			References
		61 The Italian mountains: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			61.1 Introduction
			61.2 Northern Apennines
			61.3 Central Apennines
			61.4 Southern Apennines
			61.5 Sicily
			Acknowledgments
			References
		62 The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			62.1 Introduction
			62.2 Greece
			62.3 Bulgaria
			62.4 North Macedonia/Kosovo
			62.5 Montenegro
			62.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina
			62.7 Croatia
			62.8 Slovenia
			62.9 Conclusion
			References
		63 The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum
			63.1 Introduction
			63.2 Eastern Black Sea Mountains
			63.3 Western Taurus Mountains
			63.4 Central Taurus Mountains
			63.5 Northwestern Anatolia
			63.6 Central Anatolia
			63.7 Anatolian LGM glaciations: a synthesis
			References
	Section 3 Synthesis of Part IV
		64 The European glacial landscapes from the Last Glacial Maximum - synthesis
			64.1 Glacial landforms of the European Ice Sheet Complex from the Last Glacial Maximum
			64.2 Glacial landforms beyond the EISC: Iceland, the Urals, and the mountains of Central and Southern Europe
			64.3 Major similarities/differences between regions and their causes
			64.4 The European landscapes in a global context
			64.5 Pending research
			References
Part VI Synthesis of the European Landscapes from maximum glacial extension
	65 The importance of European glacial landscapes in a context of great climatic variability
		65.1 Maximum glaciations—final summary
		65.2 The importance of European glacial landscapes in the context of global climate change
		65.3 The importance of European glacial landscapes as geoheritage
		65.4 Deglaciation—the end of widespread glaciation in Europe
		References
Index
Index_2022_European-Glacial-Landscapes
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