European Democratic Culture (What Is Europe?, Book 3)

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
General preface to ‘What is Europe?’......Page 10
Introduction to Book 3......Page 13
Part I The growth of democracy......Page 16
Introduction......Page 17
An anthropological approach to science and politics......Page 18
The birth of political thought......Page 20
The democratic ideal and the conditions of its emergence......Page 24
The medieval world......Page 27
A new methodological discipline......Page 32
A new attitude of mind......Page 34
New thinking in law and politics......Page 37
The human community and natural right......Page 38
The critique of authority......Page 41
Some questionable presuppositions of the new thinking......Page 43
The problem of sovereignty......Page 45
The authority of Law and natural right......Page 48
A different conception of society......Page 50
A psychology of social ties......Page 51
Modern political rationality......Page 54
The concept of public opinion......Page 56
Afterword: Crisis and the conditions for democracy......Page 59
References......Page 62
Introduction......Page 63
The rationalization of social conflicts......Page 64
The British parliamentary system......Page 65
Consociational democracy7......Page 67
The republican compromise......Page 68
German authoritarianism......Page 71
Southern European clientelism......Page 72
The virtuous logic of republican institutions......Page 73
The apprenticeship of citizens......Page 74
The extension of political activity......Page 75
The circulation of élites......Page 76
Ensuring peaceful outcome to social conflicts......Page 78
The neutralization of political extremism......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 81
References......Page 83
Part II Individual freedom and the rule of Law......Page 84
Introduction to Part II......Page 85
Introduction......Page 88
The meanings of democracy......Page 89
Expressive democracy......Page 90
Citizen democracy......Page 94
Democracy as a form of order or organization......Page 96
Nationalism and democracy......Page 97
Criticisms of democracy......Page 99
Conservative and liberal criticisms......Page 100
Marxism......Page 102
Feminism......Page 103
Rational choice criticisms......Page 104
Democracy and freedom......Page 106
The restatement of democracy?......Page 107
References......Page 109
The idea of the state under the rule of Law......Page 111
Limits to the authority of the state......Page 112
The people......Page 114
Territory......Page 116
The political meaning of sovereignty......Page 117
The juridical meaning of sovereignty: the legal order in a state under the rule of Law......Page 118
The rights of man tradition......Page 120
The rule of Law and the continental tradition of jurisprudence......Page 121
The meaning and significance of the rule of Law......Page 124
The character and foundation of the modern state......Page 126
The individualist model of the state......Page 127
The organicist model of the state......Page 128
Liberal-democratic critics of organicism......Page 129
The idea of the common good......Page 131
The objective basis of the common good......Page 132
The limits of the state and the common good of humanity......Page 134
References......Page 135
Bibliography......Page 137
Part III Public opinion and the role of criticism......Page 139
Introduction to Part III......Page 140
Public opinion: the current situation and issues......Page 144
The historical origin of public opinion and its evolution......Page 147
The emergence of public opinion and the classical-liberal view of it......Page 148
The break-up and delegitimation of public opinion......Page 153
Public opinion in contemporary democracy......Page 158
The contested and intangible reality of public opinion......Page 159
Public opinion and the mass media......Page 160
The achievements and inadequacies of opinion research......Page 165
Recent controversies and new conceptions of public opinion......Page 167
Other studies......Page 178
Introduction......Page 181
Ideology and the practices of institutions......Page 183
Political theory......Page 184
Ideology......Page 186
Rule 1:  Diversity......Page 187
Rule 2:  Uncertainty......Page 195
Systems Theory......Page 197
Comparative government......Page 198
Political theory and the demystification of politics......Page 200
The critiques of reason of state and of government......Page 204
The critique of reason of state......Page 205
The critique of government......Page 209
References......Page 211
Part IV The institutions of democracy......Page 214
Introduction to Part IV......Page 215
Introduction......Page 218
Constitutional democracy......Page 219
The parliamentary system of government: dualism and monism......Page 220
Representation......Page 222
Majority democracy and consociational democracy......Page 224
The head of state......Page 226
The head of government......Page 228
Parliament......Page 231
Relationships between government and parliament......Page 232
Impact of electoral systems......Page 233
Party systems......Page 236
Conclusion......Page 237
References......Page 238
Belgium......Page 239
Germany......Page 240
The adoption of legislation by an elected parliamentary assembly......Page 241
Parliamentary control over the executive......Page 247
Decision-taking by majority......Page 251
Fundamental rights......Page 257
Afterword: The situation following the Maastricht Treaty (1992)......Page 259
Appointment of the Commission......Page 260
Powers of control......Page 261
Conclusion to Book 3......Page 262
Jean Baudoin......Page 267
Gerard Duprat......Page 268
Hans-Joachim Schmidt......Page 269
Index to Book 3......Page 270