EU External Action In International Economic Law: Recent Trends And Developments

Contents......Page 5
1.1 EU External Relations Law and International Economic Law......Page 7
1.2 Outline of This Book......Page 9
References......Page 13
2 Emerging Principles of European Investment Protection—After the Example of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)......Page 14
2.1 Introduction......Page 15
2.2 Contents of CETA......Page 17
2.3.1 Object and Key Notions......Page 19
2.3.2 Claims Against the EU or Its Member States......Page 20
2.4 The Division of Financial Responsibility Between the EU and Its Member States in the Context of Investor-State or Investor-EU Dispute Settlement......Page 21
2.4.2 Financial Responsibility......Page 22
2.5 Why Include Investor-State Dispute Settlement at All?......Page 24
2.6 The Legality of the System of Resolution of Disputes Between Investors and States Under EU Law After Opinion 2/13 (ECHR Accession) of the Court of Justice of the EU......Page 27
2.7 When and Against Whom Can an Investor Apply to the ECtHR in Investment Protection Cases Involving Acts by the EU?......Page 32
2.7.1 Manifestly Deficient Protection by a Member State......Page 34
2.7.2 Insufficient Access to Justice in the EU......Page 35
2.7.3 Other Cases of Manifest Deficiency of Protection by the EU or a Member State......Page 36
2.8 Conclusions......Page 37
References......Page 39
3 Pushing Limits: The Principle of Autonomy in the External Relations Case Law of the European Court of Justice......Page 40
3.1 Introduction......Page 41
3.1.1 Stages of Development......Page 42
3.2.1 From Uniformity to Integrity (Yet Not a State)......Page 51
3.2.2 New Requirements: Fundamental Rights and Mutual Trust......Page 55
3.2.3 Merging Already Existing Requirements: Interpretation and Jurisdiction......Page 57
3.3.1 Intra-EU BITs......Page 60
3.3.2 Free Trade Agreements......Page 64
3.4 Conclusion......Page 68
References......Page 71
4 The European Parliament’s Role in the EU Treaty-Making Procedure from Primary Law to Inter-institutional Agreements and Internal Rules......Page 74
4.1 Preliminary Remarks......Page 75
4.2.1 Parliament’s Consent......Page 77
4.2.2 Parliament’s Right to Be Informed......Page 79
4.3 Which Role for the Parliament Beyond Its Formal Prerogatives?......Page 82
4.3.1 Initiative and Negotiations......Page 83
4.3.2 Signing and Provisional Application......Page 85
4.3.3 The Implementation Phase of Concluded International Agreements. The Cases of Suspension and Termination......Page 88
4.4.1 The EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement......Page 91
4.4.2 The EU-Columbia/Peru Free Trade Agreement......Page 94
4.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 95
References......Page 96
5 The European Union’s External Trade and Investment Policy Post-Lisbon: Competence, Procedure and Scope of Action......Page 98
5.1 Introduction......Page 99
5.2 The Interrelationship Between External Competence and Procedure: Towards an Ex Ante Review......Page 101
5.3.1 International Trade as a Centre of Gravity......Page 104
5.3.2 The ERTA Doctrine Post-Lisbon......Page 111
5.4.1 Opinion 2/15, Case C-600/14 COTIF and Portfolio Investment......Page 114
5.4.2 Opinions 2/15, 1/17 and Investor-State Dispute Settlement......Page 117
5.5 Conclusion......Page 121
References......Page 123
6 Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Constitutional Challenges and Pitfalls......Page 126
6.1 Introduction: On the Intra-EU/Extra-EU Dilemma......Page 127
6.2 Investment Arbitration and the Principle of Non-discrimination......Page 129
6.2.1 The Intra-EU Position......Page 130
6.2.2 The Extra-EU Position......Page 134
6.3 The Principle of Autonomy of the EU Legal Order......Page 137
6.3.1 The Extra-EU Position......Page 138
6.4 Compatibility: A Matter of Drafting......Page 139
6.4.1 The Evolving Nature of Investor-State Dispute Resolution in EU Trade and Investment Agreements: Towards a Permanent Investment Court......Page 140
6.4.2 The Domestic Law Clause......Page 142
6.4.3 Identifying the Respondent to Investment Disputes......Page 144
6.4.4 The Limitation of Private Rights......Page 146
6.4.5 Limiting the Effect of Investment Awards......Page 147
6.5 A Procedural Alternative: Prior-Involvement of the Court of Justice......Page 149
6.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 153
References......Page 154
7 The Consensual Termination of Investment Agreements Between EU Member States......Page 157
7.1 Introduction......Page 158
7.2 The Consensual Termination of Intra-EU BITs and their Survival Clauses......Page 160
7.2.1 The Consensual Termination of Survival Clauses and the Law of Treaties......Page 161
7.2.2 The Consensual Termination of Survival Clauses and the Law of State Responsibility......Page 166
7.2.3 Survival Clauses as International Unamendability Clauses?......Page 167
7.3 Intra-EU Investment Protection and Beyond......Page 171
7.4 Conclusion......Page 172
References......Page 173
8 EU Law as Applicable Law in International Disputes and Its Procedural Implications......Page 177
8.1 Introduction......Page 178
8.2.1 EU Law in Inter Se EU Member States Disputes......Page 179
8.2.2 EU Law in Agreements Exporting the Acquis Communautaire to Third Parties......Page 183
8.3 EU Law as Domestic Law: The Case of ISDS Under the CETA in Opinion 1/17......Page 187
8.4 EU Law as Domestic or International Law in Intra-EU Investor-State Disputes......Page 189
8.5 Conclusions......Page 193
References......Page 194
9 Is CETA the Promised Breakthrough? Interpretation and Evolution of Fair and Equitable Treatment and (Indirect) Expropriation Provisions......Page 196
9.1 Introduction......Page 197
9.2 Exploring the Interplay Between Arbitral Practice and Treaty-Making for Canada and the EU......Page 199
9.2.1 NAFTA and Its Impact on Subsequent North American Treaties......Page 201
9.2.2 The EU and Its Future IIAs......Page 204
9.3 Article 8.10: FET......Page 207
9.4 Article 8.12: (Indirect) Expropriation......Page 212
9.5 Conclusion......Page 217
References......Page 218
10 Investor-State Dispute Settlement in EU Trade Agreements in the Light of EU Policy and Law......Page 223
10.1 Introduction......Page 224
10.2 A Short History of ISDS and the Protection of Public Interests......Page 228
10.3.1 From ISDS to ICS......Page 235
10.3.2 The Right to Regulate and ICS......Page 240
10.3.3 Need for ICS/ISDS Between EU and Canada/USA?......Page 243
10.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 249
References......Page 251
11 The European Union and the Energy Charter Treaty: What Next After Achmea?......Page 253
11.1 Introduction......Page 254
11.2 The ECT and the European Union......Page 255
11.3 The Intra-EU and Extra-EU Dimensions of Conflict......Page 256
11.3.1 EU Law as a Defence......Page 257
11.3.2 The Problematic Non-existence of a ‘Disconnection Clause’......Page 258
11.3.3 The Interpretation of “a Contracting Party” as Applicable to EU Member States and EU Territory......Page 260
11.4 Treaty Conflict, Conflict Avoidance and EU Law Primacy......Page 262
11.5 The ECT and the Primacy of EU Law......Page 268
11.6 The European Court of Justice’s Judgment in Slovakia v Achmea......Page 273
11.7 ECT Disputes After Achmea......Page 277
References......Page 281
12 The International Responsibility of the European Union and of Its Member States for Breaches of Obligations Arising from Investment Agreements: Lex Specialis or European Exceptionalism?......Page 283
12.1 Introduction......Page 284
12.2.1 The Apportionment of Responsibility Under the DARIO......Page 287
12.2.2 “Exculpating Normative Control” and  “Competence-Based” Models......Page 290
12.2.3 Divergent Approaches by International Adjudicatory Bodies......Page 293
12.3.1 The Apportionment of Responsibility Under EU Investment Agreements: The Energy Charter Treaty......Page 298
12.3.2 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Laid Down in Post-Lisbon Bilateral Investment Agreements......Page 301
12.3.3 Regulation (EU) No 912/2014......Page 307
12.3.4 Relationship Between the ISDS Mechanisms and Assumption of Responsibility......Page 312
12.3.5 Impossibility to Establish the Existence of a Lex Specialis and Its Consequences for International Investment Law......Page 314
12.4 Conclusion......Page 316
References......Page 319
13 Convergences and Divergences of Commercial and Investment Arbitration Under Achmea (C-284/16)......Page 324
13.1 Preliminary Remarks......Page 325
13.2 Commercial Versus Investment Arbitration......Page 327
13.2.1 Different Approach to Commercial and Investment Arbitration Under Achmea Case......Page 329
13.3 Inside or Outside of the EU Judicial System?......Page 332
13.3.1 Preliminary Condition of Compatibility with Autonomy of EU Law......Page 333
13.3.2 Ex Ante and Ex Post Conditions of Compatibility with Autonomy of EU Law......Page 335
13.4 Conclusion......Page 338
References......Page 339