Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice , Fifth Edition (Ethics in Crime and Justice)

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 12
1 Morality, Ethics, and Human Behavior......Page 18
Why Study Ethics?......Page 19
Defining Terms......Page 24
Making Moral Judgments......Page 25
Duties......Page 28
Values......Page 29
Morality and the Law......Page 31
Criminal Culpability/Moral Culpability......Page 32
Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines......Page 35
Morality and Behavior......Page 37
Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas......Page 38
Conclusion......Page 41
Key Terms......Page 42
Discussion Questions......Page 43
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 44
Suggested Readings......Page 46
2 Determining Moral Behavior......Page 48
Ethical Systems......Page 50
Ethical Formalism......Page 52
Utilitarianism......Page 55
Other Ethical Systems......Page 57
Religion......Page 58
Natural Law......Page 61
The Ethics of Virtue......Page 62
The Ethics of Care......Page 65
Egoism......Page 67
Other Methods of Ethical Decision Making......Page 68
Relativism and Absolutism......Page 73
Toward a Resolution: Situational Ethics......Page 74
Resulting Concerns......Page 76
Conclusion......Page 77
Key Terms......Page 78
Review Questions......Page 79
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 80
Suggested Readings......Page 81
3 Making Ethical Decisions......Page 84
Theories of Moral Development......Page 85
Biological Theories......Page 86
Learning Theory......Page 87
Developmental Theories......Page 89
Predicting Behavior......Page 95
Teaching Ethics......Page 96
Morality, Criminology, and Offender Populations......Page 100
Why Be Ethical?......Page 103
Conclusion......Page 105
Review Questions......Page 106
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 107
Suggested Readings......Page 108
4 The Origins and Concept Of Justice......Page 110
Components of Justice......Page 112
Distributive Justice......Page 114
Substantive Justice......Page 123
Procedural Justice......Page 128
Key Terms......Page 134
Discussion Questions......Page 135
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 136
Suggested Readings......Page 138
5 Law and the Individual......Page 140
The Consensus Paradigm......Page 141
The Conflict Paradigm......Page 143
The Pluralist Paradigm......Page 146
Legal Paternalism......Page 147
Legal Moralism......Page 149
Punishing the Mentally Ill......Page 151
Punishing Juveniles......Page 153
Punishing White-Collar Criminals......Page 156
Immoral Laws and the Moral Person......Page 158
Victims’ Rights......Page 162
Media’s Portrayal of Victims......Page 163
Victim Precipitation......Page 167
Restorative Justice......Page 168
Key Terms......Page 171
Discussion Questions......Page 172
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 173
Suggested Readings......Page 174
6 Ethics and the Criminal Justice Professional......Page 176
Policy Making in Criminal Justice......Page 177
Ideologies of Liberalism and Conservatism......Page 178
Criminal Justice Researchers—Participants in Myth Making?......Page 181
Balancing Law and Justice......Page 185
The Criminal Justice Professional......Page 187
Leadership and Training......Page 190
Teaching Ethics in Criminal Justice......Page 193
Avoiding Cynicism and Burnout......Page 194
Key Terms......Page 197
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 198
Suggested Readings......Page 200
7 The Police Role in Society: Crime Fighter or Public Servent?......Page 202
Crime Fighter or Public Servant?......Page 204
Community Policing......Page 207
Authority and Power......Page 208
Formal Ethics for Police Officers......Page 210
The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics......Page 211
Themes and Value Systems......Page 213
A Different Culture?......Page 218
Discretion......Page 220
Discretion and Duty......Page 223
Discretion and Discrimination......Page 227
Crime Fighter and Pubic Servant?......Page 238
Conclusion......Page 240
Review Questions......Page 241
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 242
Suggested Readings......Page 243
Appendix......Page 244
8 Corruption and the “Code”......Page 248
Types of Corruption......Page 250
Gratuities......Page 7
On-Duty Use of Drugs and Alcohol......Page 258
Graft......Page 259
Sexual Harassment and Assault......Page 260
Criminal Cops......Page 262
Excessive Force......Page 264
Culture of Force......Page 268
Research on Excessive Force......Page 269
Deadly Force......Page 272
Summary......Page 273
A Worldwide Problem......Page 274
Measures of Corruption......Page 277
Individual Explanations......Page 279
Organizational Explanations......Page 280
Societal Explanations......Page 281
Conclusion......Page 282
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 283
Suggested Readings......Page 285
9 Noble-Cause Corruption......Page 288
Introduction......Page 289
Investigation......Page 291
Proactive Investigations......Page 292
The Use of Undercover Officers......Page 295
The Use of Informants......Page 299
Justifications for Undercover Operations......Page 301
Interrogation......Page 305
Loyalty and Whistleblowing......Page 309
Teleological Arguments......Page 311
Loyalty......Page 312
Sanctions Against Whistleblowers......Page 313
Reducing Corruption......Page 315
Education and Training......Page 316
Integrity Testing......Page 318
Early Warning or Audit Systems......Page 320
Other Methods......Page 322
Ethical Leadership......Page 323
Review Questions......Page 327
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 328
Suggested Readings......Page 330
10 Ethics and Legal Professionals......Page 332
First, Let’s Kill All the Lawyers . . .......Page 333
Ethical Issues for Legal Professionals......Page 335
The Attorney–Client Relationship......Page 337
Legal Agent Versus Moral Agent?......Page 338
A Higher Standard of Behavior?......Page 340
Ethical Issues for Defense Attorneys......Page 341
Responsibility to the Client......Page 343
Confidentiality......Page 344
Conflicts of Interest......Page 348
Zealous Defense......Page 349
Use of Discretion......Page 352
Conflicts of Interest......Page 355
Plea Bargaining......Page 356
Media Relations......Page 358
Expert Witnesses......Page 359
Zealous Prosecution......Page 363
Prosecutorial Misconduct......Page 364
Review Questions......Page 367
Discussion Questions......Page 368
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 369
Suggested Readings......Page 370
11 Justice and Judicial Ethics......Page 372
Perceptions of Judicial Processing......Page 373
Ethical Guidelines......Page 377
Use of Discretion......Page 378
Judicial Misconduct......Page 382
Justice on Trial?......Page 385
Judicial Independence and the Constitution......Page 393
Conclusion......Page 396
Review Questions......Page 397
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 398
Suggested Readings......Page 399
12 The Ethics of Punishment and Corrections......Page 402
Rationales for Punishment and Corrections......Page 404
Retribution......Page 406
Prevention......Page 409
Utilitarianism......Page 415
Ethical Formalism......Page 417
Ethics of Care......Page 418
Punishment......Page 419
Humane Punishment......Page 420
Capital Punishment......Page 421
Private Corrections......Page 424
Conclusion......Page 428
Review Questions......Page 429
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 430
Suggested Readings......Page 431
13 Ethics and Institutional Corrections......Page 434
Correctional Professionals......Page 435
Correctional Officers......Page 436
The Correctional Officer Subculture......Page 439
Relationships with Inmates......Page 441
General Conduct and the “Good Officer”......Page 444
Use of Force......Page 446
Corruption......Page 448
Loyalty and Whistleblowing......Page 452
Jail Officers......Page 454
Treatment Staff......Page 457
Management Issues......Page 460
Correctional Management and the Courts......Page 461
Cross-Sex Supervision......Page 463
The Use of Supermax Prisons......Page 466
Abu Ghraib: A Prison by Any Other Name......Page 467
Key Terms......Page 468
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 469
Suggested Readings......Page 470
14 Ethics and Community Corrections......Page 472
The Concept of Community Corrections......Page 473
The Use of Discretion......Page 475
The Probation/Parole Officer Subculture......Page 477
Caseload Supervision......Page 479
Corruption......Page 481
Parole......Page 482
A New Paradigm of Corrections?......Page 483
Reintegrative Shaming Versus Stigmatizing Shaming......Page 486
Ethical Issues in Restorative Justice......Page 488
Conclusion......Page 490
Review Questions......Page 491
Discussion Questions......Page 492
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 493
Suggested Readings......Page 494
15 Ethical Choices and the “War on Terror”......Page 496
The Threat of Terrorism......Page 497
The “Just War” Debate......Page 498
The Response to 9/11......Page 499
Crime Control and “Means–End” Thinking......Page 505
Crime Control, Human Rights, and the War on Terror......Page 508
A License to Commit Crime?......Page 511
Conclusion......Page 514
Review Questions......Page 515
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 516
Suggested Readings......Page 517
Bibliography......Page 518
Name Index......Page 542
Subject Index......Page 548
Table of Cases......Page 552