Ethical and Legal Aspects of Computing: A Professional Perspective from Software Engineering (Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science)

Preface
	Overview
	Organisation and Feature
	Audience
	Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to Ethical and Legal Aspects of Computing
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Ethics
	1.3 Business Ethics
	1.4 What Are Computer Ethics?
		1.4.1 Ethical Problems in Computing
		1.4.2 The Digital Divide
	1.5 Ethical Software Engineering
		1.5.1 The Ethical Software Engineer
		1.5.2 The Ethical Software Tester
		1.5.3 The Ethical Project Manager
	1.6 Legal Aspects of Computing
		1.6.1 Intellectual Property
		1.6.2 Software Licenses
		1.6.3 Legal Aspects of Outsourcing
		1.6.4 Tort in Software Engineering
		1.6.5 Lawsuits in Computing
	1.7 Computer Crime
		1.7.1 Hacking
	1.8 Review Questions
	1.9 Summary
	References
2 A Short History of Ethics
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Ethics in Ancient Civilisations
	2.3 Ethics in Ancient Greece
	2.4 Ethics in Religious Traditions
		2.4.1 Christian Ethics
		2.4.2 Islamic Ethics
		2.4.3 Buddhist Ethics
	2.5 Traditional Chinese Ethics
	2.6 Utilitarianism
	2.7 Deontological Ethics
	2.8 Libertarianism
	2.9 Virtue Ethics
	2.10 How Can an Individual Be Ethical in a Complex World?
	2.11 How Can an Ethical Environment Be Created in an Organisation?
		2.11.1 Ethical Decision Making
	2.12 Review Questions
	2.13 Summary
	References
3 Professional Responsibility of Computer Professionals
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 What is a Code of Ethics?
	3.3 Role of a Whistle Blower
	3.4 IEEE Code of Ethics
	3.5 British Computer Society Code of Conduct
	3.6 ACM Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics
	3.7 Precautionary Principle
	3.8 Case Study on Workplace Ethics
	3.9 Review Questions
	3.10 Summary
4 Ethical Software Engineering
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Safety and Ethics
		4.2.1 Therac-25 Disaster
		4.2.2 Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
	4.3 Ethical Project Management
	4.4 Ethical Software Design and Development
		4.4.1 Volkswagen Emissions Scandal
	4.5 Ethical Software Testing
	4.6 Review Questions
	4.7 Summary
	References
5 Ethical and Legal Aspects of Data Science
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Data Science
	5.3 Ethics of Data Science
		5.3.1 Problems in Data Science
		5.3.2 Problems with Data Science Algorithms
	5.4 Data Analytics
		5.4.1 Business Analytics and Business Intelligence
		5.4.2 Big Data and Data Mining
		5.4.3 Data Analytics for Social Media
		5.4.4 Mathematics Used in Data Analytics
	5.5 Data Privacy
		5.5.1 What is Privacy?
		5.5.2 Social Media
		5.5.3 Internet of Things
		5.5.4 AI and Facial Recognition
		5.5.5 Privacy and the Law
		5.5.6 EU GDPR Privacy Law
		5.5.7 EU Digital Services Act
	5.6 Security of Data
	5.7 Review Questions
	5.8 Summary
	References
6 Ethical Social Media
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Facebook Revolution
		6.2.1 The Arab Spring
		6.2.2 Social Media Campaigns
		6.2.3 Facebook and Privacy
		6.2.4 The Cambridge Analytica Affair
		6.2.5 Facebook Groups and Moderating Content
	6.3 The Tweet
	6.4 LinkedIn
	6.5 Fake News and Disinformation
	6.6 Data Analytics for Social Media
	6.7 Ethics and Social Media
	6.8 Review Questions
	6.9 Summary
	References
7 Ethics and AI
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 AI and Human Dignity
	7.3 Ethics of Self-driving Cars
	7.4 Expert Systems and Ethics
	7.5 AI and Unemployment
	7.6 AI and Surveillance
		7.6.1 Biometric Technology
	7.7 AI Algorithms and Discrimination
	7.8 AI and Disinformation
	7.9 AI and Autonomous Weapon Systems
	7.10 Robots and Ethics
	7.11 Super-Intelligent Machines
	7.12 Rights of Intelligent Machines
	7.13 ChatGPT
	7.14 Risks and Issues with AI
	7.15 Review Questions
	7.16 Summary
	References
8 Introduction to Law
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 English Common Law
	8.3 Civil Law
	8.4 Sharia Law
	8.5 European Law
	8.6 European Convention on Human Rights
	8.7 Natural Rights and Natural Law
	8.8 Human Rights and Human Rights Law
	8.9 International Criminal Court
	8.10 Freedom of Speech and Responsibility
	8.11 Review Questions
	8.12 Summary
	References
9 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Outsourcing
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Planning and Requirements
	9.3 Identifying Suppliers
	9.4 Prepare and Issue RFP
	9.5 Evaluate Proposals and Select Supplier
	9.6 Legal Agreement
	9.7 Managing the Supplier
	9.8 Acceptance of Software
	9.9 Rollout and Customer Support
	9.10 Ethical Software Outsourcing
	9.11 Legal Breach of Contract
	9.12 Review Questions
	9.13 Summary
	Reference
10 Intellectual Property Law
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Patents
		10.2.1 Filing a Patent
		10.2.2 Patent Litigation
		10.2.3 Case Study—Patent Ruling on First Computer
	10.3 Copyright
		10.3.1 Copyright for Software
		10.3.2 Case Study—Copyright Dispute Apple Versus Microsoft
		10.3.3 Software Licenses
		10.3.4 Stallman and Free Software
	10.4 Trademarks
		10.4.1 Legal Aspects of Trademarks
		10.4.2 Case Study—Trademark Dispute Apple Corps Versus Apple Computer
	10.5 Review Questions
	10.6 Summary
	References
11 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Commerce
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Advantages of E-Commerce
		11.1.2 Disadvantages of E-Commerce
	11.2 E-Commerce Law
		11.2.1 Website and Hosting
		11.2.2 Registering a Domain Name
		11.2.3 Privacy Policy on Website
		11.2.4 Terms and Conditions
		11.2.5 Contracts
		11.2.6 Sale of Goods or Services
		11.2.7 Online Marketing and Advertisement
		11.2.8 Jurisdiction
		11.2.9 E-Signatures
		11.2.10 Payment Systems
		11.2.11 Taxation
		11.2.12 Consumer Protection
	11.3 Ethical Electronic Commerce
	11.4 Review Questions
	11.5 Summary
	References
12 Computer Crime
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Types of Computer Crime
		12.2.1 Scams
		12.2.2 Malware
		12.2.3 Credit Card Fraud
		12.2.4 Cyberextortion and Ramsonware
	12.3 Hacking
	12.4 Cybersecurity
	12.5 Review Questions
	12.6 Summary
	References
Epilogue
Index