Essentials of the living world

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
About the Author
Preface
New to This Edition
Acknowledgments
Reviewers of the Fifth Edition
Contents
0. Studying Biology
	Learning
		0.1 How to Study
		0.2 Using Your Textbook
		0.3 Using Your Textbook's Internet Resources
	Putting What You Learn to Work
		0.4 Science Is a Way of Thinking
		0.5 How to Read a Graph
Part 1 The Study of Life
	1 The Science of Biology
		Biology and the Living World
			1.1 The Diversity of Life
			1.2 Properties of Life
			1.3 The Organization of Life
			1.4 Biological Themes
		The Scientific Process
			1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation
			1.6 Theory and Certainty
		Core Ideas of Biology
			1.7 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science
Part 2 The Living Cell
	2 The Chemistry of Life
		Some Simple Chemistry
			2.1 Atoms
			2.2 Ions and Isotopes
			2.3 Molecules
		Water: Cradle of Life
			2.4 Unique Properties of Water
			2.5 Water Ionizes
	3 Molecules of Life
		Forming Macromolecules
			3.1 Building Big Molecules
		Types of Macromolecules
			3.2 Proteins
			3.3 Nucleic Acids
			3.4 Carbohydrates
			3.5 Lipids
	4 Cells
		The World of Cells
			4.1 Cells
		Kinds of Cells
			4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
			4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
		Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell
			4.4 The Plasma Membrane
			4.5 The Nucleus: The Cell's Control Center
			4.6 The Endomembrane System
			4.7 Organelles that Harvest Energy
			4.8 The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell
		Transport Across Plasma Membranes
			4.9 Diffusion and Osmosis
			4.10 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells
			4.11 Selective Permeability
	5 Energy and Life
		Cells and Energy
			5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things
			5.2 The Laws of Energy
		Cell Chemistry
			5.3 Chemical Reactions
		Enzymes
			5.4 How Enzymes Work
			5.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes
		How Cells Use Energy
			5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell
	6 Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun
		Photosynthesis
			6.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis
			6.2 How Plants Convert Sunlight to Chemical Energy
			6.3 Building New Molecules
		Photorespiration
			6.4 Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis
	7 How Cells Harvest Energy from Food
		An Overview of Cellular Respiration
			7.1 Where Is the Energy in Food?
		Respiration Without Oxygen: Glycolysis
			7.2 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP
		Respiration with Oxygen: The Krebs Cycle
			7.3 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds
			7.4 Using the Electrons to Make ATP
		Harvesting Electrons Without Oxygen: Fermentation
			7.5 Cells Can Metabolize Food Without Oxygen
		Other Sources of Energy
			7.6 Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule
Part 3 The Continuity of Life
	8 Mitosis
		Cell Division
			8.1 Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle
			8.2 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
			8.3 Chromosomes
			8.4 Cell Division
		Cancer and the Cell Cycle
			8.5 What Is Cancer?
	9 Meiosis
		Meiosis
			9.1 Discovery of Meiosis
			9.2 The Sexual Life Cycle
			9.3 The Stages of Meiosis
		Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
			9.4 How Meiosis Differs from Mitosis
			9.5 Evolutionary Consequences of Sex
	10 Foundations of Genetics
		Mendel
			10.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea
			10.2 What Mendel Observed
			10.3 Mendel Proposes a Theory
			10.4 Mendel's Laws
		From Genotype to Phenotype
			10.5 How Genes Influence Traits
			10.6 Why Some Traits Don't Show Mendelian Inheritance
		Chromosomes and Heredity
			10.7 Human Chromosomes
			10.8 The Role of Mutations in Human Heredity
	11 DNA: The Genetic Material
		Genes Are Made of DNA
			11.1 Discovering the Structure of DNA
		DNA Replication
			11.2 How DNA Copies Itself
		Altering the Genetic Message
			11.3 Mutation
		Editing Genes
			11.4 Gene Editing with CRISPR
			11.5 Gene Drives
	12 How Genes Work
		From Gene to Protein
			12.1 The Central Dogma
			12.2 From DNA to RNA: Transcription
			12.3 From RNA to Protein: Translation
			12.4 Gene Expression
		Regulating Gene Expression
			12.5 Transcriptional Control in Prokaryotes
			12.6 Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes
			12.7 RNA- Level Control: Silencing Genes
	13 The New Biology
		Genomics
			13.1 The Human Genome
		Genetic Engineering
			13.2 A Scientific Revolution
			13.3 Genetic Engineering and Medicine
			13.4 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture
		The Revolution in Cell Technology
			13.5 Reproductive Cloning
			13.6 Stem Cell Therapy
			13.7 Gene Therapy
Part 4 The Evolution and Diversity of Life
	14 Evolution and Natural Selection
		Evolution
			14.1 Darwin's Voyage on HMS Beagle
			14.2 Darwin's Evidence
			14.3 The Theory of Natural Selection
		The Theory of Evolution
			14.4 The Evidence for Evolution
			14.5 Evolution's Critics
		How Populations Evolve
			14.6 Genetic Change in Populations
			14.7 Agents of Evolution
		Adaptation Within Populations
			14.8 Sickle- Cell Disease
			14.9 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism
		How Species Form
			14.10 The Biological Species Concept
			14.11 Isolating Mechanisms
	15 Exploring Biological Diversity
		The Classification of Organisms
			15.1 The Invention of the Linnaean System
			15.2 Species Names
			15.3 Higher Categories
			15.4 What Is a Species?
		Inferring Phylogeny
			15.5 How to Build a Family Tree
		Kingdoms and Domains
			15.6 The Kingdoms of Life
			15.7 Domain: A Higher Level of Classification
	16 Evolution of Microbial Life
		Origin of Life
			16.1 How Cells Arose
		Prokaryotes
			16.2 The Simplest Organisms
		Viruses
			16.3 Structure of Viruses
			16.4 How Viruses Infect Organisms
		Protists
			16.5 General Biology of Protists
			16.6 Kinds of Protists
		Fungi
			16.7 A Fungus Is Not a Plant
			16.8 Kinds of Fungi
	17 Evolution of Plants
		Plants
			17.1 Adapting to Terrestrial Living
			17.2 Plant Evolution
		Seedless Plants
			17.3 Nonvascular Plants
			17.4 The Evolution of Vascular Tissue
			17.5 Seedless Vascular Plants
		The Advent of Seeds
			17.6 Evolution of Seed Plants
			17.7 Gymnosperms
		The Evolution of Flowers
			17.8 Rise of the Angiosperms
	18 Evolution of Animals
		Introduction to the Animals
			18.1 General Features of Animals
			18.2 Six Key Transitions in Body Plan
		Evolution of the Animal Phyla
			18.3 The Simplest Animals
			18.4 Advent of Bilateral Symmetry
			18.5 Changes in the Body Cavity
			18.6 Redesigning the Embryo
		The Parade of Vertebrates
			18.7 Overview of Vertebrate Evolution
			18.8 Fishes Dominate the Sea
			18.9 Amphibians and Reptiles Invade the Land
			18.10 Birds Master the Air
			18.11 Mammals Adapt to Colder Times
			18.12 Human Evolution
Part 5 The Living Environment
	19 Populations and Communities
		Ecology
			19.1 What Is Ecology?
		Populations
			19.2 Population Growth
			19.3 The Influence of Population Density
			19.4 Life History Adaptations
			19.5 Population Demography
		How Competition Shapes Communities
			19.6 Communities
			19.7 The Niche and Competition
		Species Interact in Many Ways
			19.8 Coevolution and Symbiosis
			19.9 Predation
		Community Stability
			19.10 Ecological Succession
	20 Ecosystems
		The Energy in Ecosystems
			20.1 Ecosystems
			20.2 Ecological Pyramids
		Materials Cycle Within Ecosystems
			20.3 The Water Cycle
			20.4 The Carbon Cycle
			20.5 The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles
		How Weather Shapes Ecosystems
			20.6 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation
			20.7 Latitude and Elevation
		Major Kinds of Ecosystems
			20.8 Ocean Ecosystems
			20.9 Freshwater Ecosystems
			20.10 Land Ecosystems
	21 Behavior and the Environment
		The Study of Behavior
			21.1 Instinctive Behavioral Patterns
			21.2 Genetic Effects on Behavior
		Behavior Can Be Influenced by Learning
			21.3 How Animals Learn
			21.4 Animal Cognition
		Evolutionary Forces Shape Behavior
			21.5 A Cost- Benefit Analysis of Behavior
			21.6 Migratory Behavior
		Social Behavior
			21.7 Animal Societies
			21.8 Human Social Behavior
	22 Human Influences on the Living World
		Global Change
			22.1 Pollution
			22.2 Global Warming
			22.3 Loss of Biodiversity
		Saving Our Environment
			22.4 Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources
			22.5 Curbing Population Growth
		Solving Environmental Problems
			22.6 Preserving Endangered Species
			22.7 Individuals Can Make the Difference
Part 6 Animal Life
	23 The Animal Body and How It Moves
		The Animal Body Plan
			23.1 Organization of the Vertebrate Body
		Tissues of the Vertebrate Body
			23.2 Epithelium Is Protective Tissue
			23.3 Connective Tissue Carries Out Various Functions
			23.4 Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move
			23.5 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly
		The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
			23.6 Types of Skeletons
			23.7 Muscles and How They Work
	24 Circulation and Respiration
		Circulation
			24.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
			24.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System
			24.3 Blood
			24.4 Human Circulatory System
		Respiration
			24.5 Types of Respiratory Systems
			24.6 The Human Respiratory System
			24.7 How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange
	25 The Path of Food Through the Animal Body
		Food Energy and Essential Nutrients
			25.1 Food for Energy and Growth
		Digestion
			25.2 Types of Digestive Systems
			25.3 The Human Digestive System
			25.4 The Mouth and Teeth
			25.5 The Esophagus and Stomach
			25.6 The Small and Large Intestines
			25.7 Accessory Digestive Organs
	26 Maintaining the Internal Environment
		Homeostasis
			26.1 How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis
		Osmoregulation
			26.2 Regulating the Body's Water Content
			26.3 Eliminating Nitrogenous Wastes
	27 How the Animal Body Defends Itself
		Three Lines of Defense
			27.1 Skin: The First Line of Defense
			27.2 Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense
			27.3 Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense
		The Immune Response
			27.4 Initiating the Immune Response
			27.5 T Cells: The Cellular Response
			27.6 B Cells: The Humoral Response
			27.7 Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection
			27.8 Vaccination
			27.9 Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis
		Defeat of the Immune System
			27.10 Overactive Immune System
			27.11 AIDS: Immune System Collapse
	28 The Nervous System
		Neurons and How They Work
			28.1 The Nervous System
			28.2 Nerve Impulses
			28.3 The Synapse
		The Central Nervous System
			28.4 How the Brain Works
			28.5 The Spinal Cord
		The Peripheral Nervous System
			28.6 The Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems
		The Sensory Nervous System
			28.7 Sensing the Internal Environment
			28.8 Sensing Gravity and Motion
			28.9 Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell
			28.10 Sensing Sounds: Hearing
			28.11 Sensing Light: Vision
	29 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body
		The Endocrine System
			29.1 Hormones
			29.2 How Hormones Target Cells
		The Major Endocrine Glands
			29.3 The Pituitary
			29.4 The Pancreas
			29.5 The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands
	30 Reproduction and Development
		Modes of Reproduction
			30.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
		The Human Reproductive System
			30.2 Males
			30.3 Females
			30.4 Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle
		The Course of Development
			30.5 Embryonic Development
			30.6 Fetal Development
		Birth Control and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
			30.7 Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Part 7 Plant Life
	31 Plant Form and Function
		Structure and Function of Plant Tissues
			31.1 Organization of a Vascular Plant
			31.2 Plant Tissue Types
		The Plant Body
			31.3 Roots
			31.4 Stems
			31.5 Leaves
		Plant Transport and Nutrition
			31.6 Water Movement
			31.7 Carbohydrate Transport
	32 Plant Reproduction and Growth
		Flowering Plant Reproduction
			32.1 Angiosperm Reproduction
			32.2 Seeds
			32.3 Fruit
			32.4 Germination
		Regulating Plant Growth
			32.5 Plant Hormones
			32.6 Auxin
		Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
			32.7 Photoperiodism and Dormancy
			32.8 Tropisms
Glossary
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Index
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