Essentials of Telemedicine and Telecare

CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 12
1.2.1 Telemedicine......Page 13
1.2.2 Telehealth......Page 14
1.2.4 Summary of Working Definitions and E-Health......Page 15
1.3.1 From Beginnings to Modern Times......Page 16
1.3.2 Modern Telemedicine and Telecare......Page 18
1.4.1 Technological Drivers......Page 19
1.4.2 Non-Technological Drivers......Page 20
1.4.3 The Funding Dilemma......Page 25
1.5.1 Developed Countries......Page 26
1.6 The Future for Telemedicine......Page 27
1.7 Summary......Page 28
2.1 Introduction......Page 30
2.2.1 Teleconsultation......Page 31
2.2.2 Tele-education......Page 32
2.2.3 Telemonitoring......Page 35
2.3 Patients and Carers......Page 36
2.3.1 Patient Perceptions......Page 37
2.3.2 Carers and Procedures......Page 38
2.3.3 The Changing Knowledge Base......Page 40
2.4.1 Benefits of Telemedicine......Page 41
2.4.2 Limitations of Telemedicine......Page 43
2.5 Barriers to Progress......Page 46
2.6 Summary......Page 49
3.1 Introduction......Page 50
3.2.1 Types of Telemedicine Information......Page 51
3.2.3 Audio......Page 52
3.2.4 Still Images......Page 53
3.2.6 Still Image and Video Compression......Page 54
3.2.7 Frame Rate and Bandwidth......Page 55
3.2.8 Telecommunications Standards......Page 56
3.3.2 The Videoconferencing System......Page 57
3.3.4 The Image Display System......Page 59
3.4.1 Service Considerations......Page 60
3.4.2 Public Switched Telephone Network......Page 61
3.4.4 Satellite......Page 62
3.4.5 Wireless Technologies......Page 63
3.4.6 Dedicated Wide Area Connections......Page 64
3.5.1 Systems Integration......Page 66
3.5.2 Store-and-Forward Operation......Page 68
3.5.3 Real-time Telemedicine......Page 69
3.6 Summary......Page 70
4.1 Introduction......Page 72
4.2.1 General Practitioners and Primary Care Services......Page 73
4.2.2 Acute Hospital and Secondary Care Services......Page 75
4.2.3 Community Sector and Telecare Services......Page 76
4.2.4 Ambulance Services......Page 77
4.2.5 Pharmacy Services......Page 78
4.3.1 Managed Care Organisations......Page 79
4.3.2 Transport Services......Page 80
4.3.3 Space and Military Agencies......Page 82
4.3.4 Community Alarm Services......Page 83
4.3.5 Non-government Organisations......Page 84
4.4 Summary......Page 85
5.1 Introduction......Page 87
5.2.1 The Roles of Government, Healthcare Professionals and Industry......Page 88
5.2.2 The USA Context......Page 91
5.2.3 The Australian Context......Page 93
5.2.4 The United Kingdom Context......Page 95
5.2.5 The Malaysian Context......Page 97
5.2.6 General Principles of Strategy Development......Page 98
5.3.1 The Purpose and Scope of Evaluation......Page 100
5.3.2 Evaluating Telemedicine Systems......Page 101
5.3.3 Evaluating Service Provision......Page 102
5.3.4 Evaluating Healthcare Effectiveness......Page 103
5.3.5 Evaluating Cost Effectiveness......Page 104
5.4.1 Defining Service Goals......Page 106
5.4.2 The Assessment of Needs......Page 107
5.4.3 User Involvement......Page 110
5.4.4 The Business Case and Planning......Page 111
5.4.6 Selecting the Technology......Page 114
5.4.7 Establishing Practice Guidelines......Page 115
5.4.8 Implementing and Managing the Service......Page 117
5.5 Summary......Page 118
6.1 Introduction......Page 121
6.2.1 Confidentiality and the Law......Page 122
6.2.2 The Patient–Doctor Relationship......Page 123
6.2.3 Patient Consent to Disclosure of Information......Page 125
6.2.4 Access to Medical Records......Page 126
6.2.5 Consent to Treatment......Page 128
6.3 Data Protection and Security......Page 130
6.3.1 The UK Data Protection Act (1984)......Page 131
6.3.2 The UK Computer Misuse Act (1990)......Page 132
6.3.3 The UK Data Protection Act (1998)......Page 133
6.3.4 Secure Network Access......Page 134
6.3.5 Secure Data Transmission......Page 136
6.4.1 Patients, Physicians and the Internet......Page 137
6.4.2 Ethical Guidelines for Patient Information......Page 138
6.4.3 Ethics and Legality of Internet Medical Services......Page 140
6.5.1 Duty of Care and Clinical Negligence......Page 141
6.5.2 Professional Standards and Regulation......Page 142
6.5.3 The Law Applicable to Telemedical Equipment......Page 143
6.5.4 Operational Risks Due to Technology......Page 146
6.5.5 Operational Risks Due to Personnel......Page 147
6.6.1 State Regulation of Telemedicine......Page 149
6.6.2 Licensure and Accreditation......Page 150
6.6.3 Clinician Reimbursement......Page 152
6.7.1 Patent Law......Page 153
6.7.2 Patents and Licensing......Page 155
6.7.3 Copyright Law......Page 156
6.8 Summary......Page 158
Telemedicine Books and Web Sites......Page 161
References......Page 166
C......Page 182
F......Page 183
L......Page 184
P......Page 185
T......Page 186
V......Page 187
Y......Page 188